Abstract
Accurate dynamic models of supercapacitors (SCs) are a basis for the design, control and exploitation of the hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicles. This paper concerns a fractional model of SC impedance, based on the Cole–Cole equation describing relaxation in electric double layer. This article provides a new method of identifying the parameters of fractional order model of SC impedance, performed without disconnecting the SC module from the energy storage system. The test drive for this purpose needs only the respect a few simple recommendations. The article presents the conditions of the mentioned test drive that will ensure the frequency spectra of the recorded signals lying in the bandwidth necessary for the correct identification of the model parameters. These parameters are determined by means of the Nelder–Mead simplex optimization method. The results of the identification described by the time method coincide with those obtained in the frequency domain. It has been shown in the last part of the article that the real energy losses in these systems significantly exceed the losses determined only on the basis of the nominal capacity and series equivalent resistance (ESR), to which the SC catalogue data are usually limited. This paper also provides an auxiliary frequency criterion for the selection of SCs intended for energy storage systems of electric vehicles.
Highlights
Accurate dynamic models of supercapacitors (SCs) are a basis for the design, control and exploitation of the hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) for electric vehicles [1,2]
This paper provides an auxiliary frequency criterion for the selection of SCs intended for energy storage systems of electric vehicles
Due to the high power of the SC modules used in vehicles, the identification of their dynamic model parameters is significantly hindered
Summary
Accurate dynamic models of supercapacitors (SCs) are a basis for the design, control and exploitation of the hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) for electric vehicles [1,2]. Energies 2020, 13, 2877; doi:10.3390/en13112877 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies complete SC modules in electric vehicles, identification carried out in similar manner would require the use of high power current generators. In this case, it is advisable to use the results of SC voltages and currents recorded during the vehicle ride. SCof modules electric vehicles, identification carried out in similar manner would require parameters a given in model will be based on optimization calculations, leading to the similarity of the of high input/output power currentsignals generators. The parameters of this model in the vehicle operating conditions are presented These requirements waslimits assumed that during the test drive, theInSC an unchanged configuration affectIt the of permissible current excitations. Parameters of a given model will be based on optimization calculations, leading to the similarity of the respective input/output signals of the model with those experimentally recorded
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