Novel Synthetic Approaches for Bisnaphthalimidopropyl (BNIP) Derivatives as Potential Anti-Parasitic Agents for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis.

Keskin Keskin,Ucisik Ucisik,Guzel Guzel,Sucu Sucu

doi:10.3390/molecules24244607

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic disease that is widely seen in more than 60 countries worldwide, including Turkey and its subcontinental region. There are several chemotherapy agents for the treatment of leishmaniasis, including pentavalent antimonials—i.e., sodium stibogluconate (Pentostan) and meglumine antimoniate (Glucantim), pentamidine, conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate, miltefosine, paramomycin (aminosidine), and liposomal amphotericin B. However, these therapies are usually unsatisfactory due to dose-limiting toxicity issues and limited efficacy. Furthermore, resistance gained by parasites endangers future success of these therapies. Addressing these issues, the development of novel drugs with high efficacy has a vital importance. Latest studies have shown that bisnaphthalimidopropyl (BNIP) derivatives display high activity against Leishmaniasis parasites by selectively targeting parasitic sirtuin proteins and interacting with DNA. Despite the promising anti-parasitic activity, the low solubility and toxicity on human macrophages are the limitations to overcome. This study describes the new synthesis strategies for existing—i.e., BNIPDaoct and BNIPDanon—and novel BNIP derivatives differing in respect of their alkyl linker chain lengths. The new synthesis approach provides certain advantages compared to its existing alternatives reported in the literature. The proposed methodology does not only decrease the number of synthesis steps and production time of BNIPDaoct and BNIPDanon, but also provides higher yields, thereby making the synthesis highly cost-effective.

Highlights

Considered as a neglected parasitic disease, Leishmaniasis is widely seen in more than 60 countries worldwide, including Turkey and its subcontinental region, affecting more than 1.5 million people with an annual death rate reaching up to 100,000 people [1,2]
This study reports the synthesis of existing and novel BNIP analogs that may possess potential anti-parasitic activity
3) and BNIPDanon that were developed by Lin and Pavlov [37] were taken as the starting point of the study

Summary

Introduction

Considered as a neglected parasitic disease, Leishmaniasis is widely seen in more than 60 countries worldwide, including Turkey and its subcontinental region, affecting more than 1.5 million people with an annual death rate reaching up to 100,000 people [1,2]. It is usually transmitted by sandfly carrying protozoan kinetoplastid parasite to humans. Infective forms of this parasite are called metacyclic promastigotes that are taken up by macrophages at the vertebrate host, such as Molecules 2019, 24, 4607; doi:10.3390/molecules24244607 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. While the choice of chemotherapy agent varies largely depending on the type of the disease and the species, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for treatment of VL—caused by Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean Basin, Middle East, and Central

Methods

Results

Conclusion