Abstract
COVID-19 manifested itself as a global pandemic in 2019 but even in 2021, it is still not successfully contained. This virus has claimed millions of lives worldwide and rendered many more jobless. Apart from causing mild to severe pneumonia, the virus has also caused a loss of livelihood for thousands globally, along with widespread trauma and depression. Since the transmission rate of the virus is so high, temporary prophylaxis relied on sanitization, wearing masks and physical distancing. However, a long-term solution for stopping viral spread is vaccination. Apart from being the fastest way to induce immunity against the virus, vaccination is also the cheapest and most practical way. However, a vaccine can only be commercially available after it has passed through various clinical trial phases. So far, more than two hundred potential vaccine candidates underwent different phases of the clinical trial, and some of the front-runners have shown more than 90% efficacy. This review has compiled all such vaccine candidates, their types, their modes of action, and the associated pros and cons. The current advances in clinical trials of vaccines have also been discussed, such as plant-based and cocktail vaccines that have recently emerged. Nowadays, novel strains like Delta plus are also emerging and posing a threat. Thus, it is mandatory to get vaccinated and choose a vaccine that provides long-term protection against multiple strains.
Highlights
The COVID-19 pandemic was an unexpected catastrophe, which claimed millions of lives worldwide.[1]
Since January 2020, great efforts are made by scientists on a global level to develop effective vaccines using different platforms and at present 28 vaccines are approved at least by one country
More than 300 candidate vaccines are in the pre-clinical stage or undergoing in clinical trials; many of which are front-runners
Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic was an unexpected catastrophe, which claimed millions of lives worldwide.[1]. Protective antibodies can have multiple targets.[37] These vaccines result in the activation of immune cells and generation of memory cells, which detect & destroy rapidly on encountering virulent viruses, preventing the infection from spreading and multiplying.[38] This method is being used by Bharat Biotech to produce Covaxin.[39] Covaxin stimulates an immunological response by introducing pathogens that have lost the ability to reproduce, while still retaining the antigenic proteins capable of activating the immune cells. As a result of this discovery, and because the current virus elicits antibodies that neutralize the S protein, researchers altered antigen expression by inserting the gene encoding the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 into the genome of MV.[62] This method is being used for vaccine development by the Pasteur Institute, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Themis, and the University of Pittsburgh CVR.[63] An efficiency rate of 90% is estimated after one dose, and 100% after complete vaccination with two doses. Subunit vaccine with S1 protein expressed in tobacco VLP-based vaccines in tobacco VLP-based vaccine in tobacco Genome sequence of tobacco being used to develop vaccine candidates Combination of advanced manufacturing strategies and molecular farming in tobacco Subunit vaccine (RBD-Fc + adjuvant)
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