Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of spray-dried algae-rosemary particles against pollution-induced damage using ex-vivo human biopsies exposed to diesel engine exhaust (DEE). For this, the complexation of hydroalcoholic rosemary extract with Chlorella (RCH) and Spirulina (RSP) protein powders was conducted. The process efficiency and concentration of rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosic acid (CA), and carnosol (CR) phenolic compounds of both products were compared. The RSP spray-dried production was more efficient, and RSP particles presented higher CR and CA and similar RA concentrations. Therefore, spray-dried RSP particles were prioritized for the preparation of a gel formulation that was investigated for its ability to mitigate pollution-induced skin oxinflammatory responses. Taken altogether, our ex-vivo data clearly demonstrated the ability of RSP gel to prevent an oxinflammatory phenomenon in cutaneous tissue by decreasing the levels of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts (4HNE-PA) and active matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as well as by limiting the loss of filaggrin induced by DEE exposure. Our results suggest that the topical application of spirulina-rosemary gel is a good approach to prevent pollution-induced skin aging/damage.
Highlights
Striking evidence has demonstrated that air pollution can cause severe damage to human skin, triggering disorders such as inflammatory reactions, allergies, skin aging and cancer, due to alterations in physiological parameters that impact skin health [1,2,3,4]
The 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts (4HNE-PA) signal was evident in the stratum corneum and epidermis, which are the main targets of pollution-mediated damage [24]
4HNE-PA immunofluorescent reaction was slightly detected in the dermal layer of diesel engine exhaust (DEE)-exposed skin (Figure 4a)
Summary
Striking evidence has demonstrated that air pollution can cause severe damage to human skin, triggering disorders such as inflammatory reactions, allergies, skin aging and cancer, due to alterations in physiological parameters that impact skin health [1,2,3,4] In this regard, there is increasing consumer demand for cosmeceuticals based on natural products with the aim to improve skin beauty and protect skin from environmental insults [5,6,7,8]. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is an aromatic plant that has long been used in herbal remedies due to its multiple biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory [9,10,11] and skin renewal properties [12] It is recognized as a major source of bioactives, mainly phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol [13] and has attracted interest from food, pharmaceutical, and health-related industries worldwide [10,14]. Algae-derived products are part of a growing market, because algae can substitute for chemical and synthetic components in eco-friendly cosmeceuticals [15,16]
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