Novel Schiff base derivatives containing 4,5-disubstituted thiazole as potential antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents: Green synthesis, molecular docking and ADME analysis

Abstract

We report the microwave-assisted (MW) green synthesis of some novel 4,5 disubstituted thiazole-containing Schiff base derivatives (SBs) as antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agents. Spectroscopic techniques were used to confirm the formation of synthesized compounds. In-vitro antibiofilm and antifungal activity of synthesized molecules were evaluated against the Candida albicans strain (MTCC 227) by broth dilution method. Among the tested molecules, 3a showed excellent inhibition of both biofilm formation and planktonic growth at much lower MIC50 values (5.56 μg/mL and 1.20 μg/mL respectively) than other derivatives. Moreover, the spot assay of compound 3a showed fungicidal activity (100% cell death) for biofilm formation and planktonic growth at the lowest MFC values (10 μg/mL and 3.12 μg/mL respectively) compared to the standard drug fluconazole. In addition, the biofilm inhibition was further confirmed by morphological study through FESEM analysis. The anti-inflammatory study of SBs by protein denaturation method indicates that compound 3a (63.19%) was the most active anti-inflammatory agent at a lower concentration of 100 μg/mL in the series than the standard ibuprofen (42.36%). Whereas, the antioxidant study of SBs by the DPPH scavenging method shows compound 3j (IC50 = 436.10 μg/mL) was the more potent antioxidant agent as compared to other tested compounds and standard drug ascorbic acid (IC50 = 626.99 μg/mL). Furthermore, the molecular docking study of SBs with the active sites of sterol 14-α demethylase CYP51 enzyme of (PDB:5TZ1) C. albicans shows strong binding properties, supporting the experimental results of inhibition of biofilm formation. Additionally, the ADME characteristic of SBs demonstrates their potential for development as oral medication candidates.