Abstract

Salmonellosis is one of the most frequently reported zoonotic foodborne diseases worldwide, and poultry is the most important reservoir of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. The use of lytic bacteriophages (phages) to reduce foodborne pathogens has emerged as a promising biocontrol intervention for Salmonella spp. Here, we describe and evaluate the newly isolated Salmonella phage STGO-35-1, including: (i) genomic and phenotypic characterization, (ii) an analysis of the reduction of Salmonella in chicken meat, and (iii) genome plasticity testing. Phage STGO-35-1 represents an unclassified siphovirus, with a length of 47,483 bp, a G + C content of 46.5%, a headful strategy of packaging, and a virulent lifestyle. Phage STGO-35-1 reduced S. Enteritidis counts in chicken meat by 2.5 orders of magnitude at 4 °C. We identified two receptor-binding proteins with affinity to LPS, and their encoding genes showed plasticity during an exposure assay. Phenotypic, proteomic, and genomic characteristics of STGO-35-1, as well as the Salmonella reduction in chicken meat, support the potential use of STGO-35-1 as a targeted biocontrol agent against S. Enteritidis in chicken meat. Additionally, computational analysis and a short exposure time assay allowed us to predict the plasticity of genes encoding putative receptor-binding proteins.

Highlights

  • IntroductionSalmonellosis is one of the most frequently reported zoonotic foodborne diseases [1,2]

  • We first characterized the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and observed that this phage adsorbs rapidly, demonstrating adsorptions of MOI 0.1 (100% adsorption), MOI 1 (60.7% adsorption), MOI 10

  • In order to obtain an experimental approximation of the plasticity of this phage, we evaluated putative protein plasticity in STGO-35-1 after exposure to S

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Summary

Introduction

Salmonellosis is one of the most frequently reported zoonotic foodborne diseases [1,2]. The causative agent, Salmonella, can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin [3]. Salmonella spp. are estimated to cause 93.8 million cases of acute gastroenteritis and 155,000 deaths globally [4]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that Salmonella spp. cause. 1.2 million illnesses, 23,000 hospitalizations, and 450 deaths in the United States each year, resulting in an estimated USD 400 million loss in direct medical costs [2].

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