Abstract
The review initially provides a short introduction to prostate cancer (PCa) incidence, mortality, and diagnostics. Next, the need for novel biomarkers for PCa diagnostics is briefly discussed. The core of the review provides details about PCa aetiology, alternative biomarkers available for PCa diagnostics besides prostate specific antigen and their biosensing. In particular, low molecular mass biomolecules (ions and metabolites) and high molecular mass biomolecules (proteins, RNA, DNA, glycoproteins, enzymes) are discussed, along with clinical performance parameters.
Highlights
Glycanostics Ltd., Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; Abstract: The review initially provides a short introduction to prostate cancer (PCa) incidence, mortality, and diagnostics
Having their origin in the cell nucleus, we describe different types, mechanism of synthesis and detection principles for the analysis of genes with changed expression profile, mutated genes, and aberrant gene products, as well as micro RNAs involved in PCa diagnostics and prognostics
(a biosensor response was measured in real time as a decrease in resistance in MΩ range with LOD = 0.2 nM) [135] or thiol-modified DNA tetrahedral-structured probe and AuNPmodified reporter DNA, creating a typical sandwich with BRCA1 sequence and generating an electrochemical signal using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and TMB/H2 O2 for analyte concentrations much lower than in the previous case—down to 0.1 fM [136]
Summary
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common type of cancer among men and the fifth most common cause of male mortality globally with up to 1.28 million new cases reported in 2018 worldwide and with 358,989 associated deaths [1,2]. AUC (area under the curve, i.e., receiver operating curve) of 0.68: (i) at a cut off value of 4.1 ng mL−1 : sensitivity 20%, specificity 94%; (ii) at a cut off value of 2.6 ng mL−1 : sensitivity 40%, specificity 81% [5] This is why, in order to detect PCa at an early stage and to avoid unnecessary biopsies, several liquid biopsy-based approaches have been developed with a better clinical performance than PSA level analysis [6]. The diagnostic performance of PHI to discriminate between PCa patients (tPSA of 2.6–40.6 ng mL−1 ) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Chemosensors 2021, 9, 205 levels are often associated with increased prostate volume, causing poor predictability of PCa in older men suffering from BPH, markers with higher positive/negative predictive values are needed. The reader is advised to read a review paper with a focus on protein analysis [12] and on clinical challenges in PCa diagnostics [13]
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