Abstract
Herein, for the first time, the electrochemiluminescent sensor based on Ru(bpy)3 2+-modified electrode using dopamine as an adhesive was successfully developed. After halloysite nanotube slurry was cast on a glassy carbon electrode and dried, an alkaline dopamine solution was added on the electrode surface. Initially, polydopamine belts with dimensions of tens to hundreds of nanometers formed via oxidization of the dopamine by ambient oxygen. As the incubation time increased, the nanobelts became broader and then united with each other to form a polydopamine film. The halloysite nanotubes were embedded within the polydopamine film. The above electrode was soaked in Ru(bpy)3 2+ aqueous solution to adsorb Ru(bpy)3 2+ into the active sites of the halloysite nanotubes via cation-exchange procedure. Through this simple procedure, a Ru(bpy)3 2+-modified electrode was obtained using only 6.25 µg Ru(bpy)3 2+, 15.0 µg dopamine, and 9.0 µg halloysite nanotubes. The electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the modified electrode was investigated using tripropylamine (TPA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as co-reactants. The different ECL behaviors of the modified electrode using NTA and TPA as well as the contact angle measurements reflected the hydrophilic character of the electrode. The results indicate that halloysite nanotubes have a high loading capacity for Ru(bpy)3 2+ and that dopamine is suitable for the preparation of modified electrodes.
Highlights
Biomaterials have received extensive interest due to their combination of unique physical and chemical properties
Because the adhesive proteins secreted by mussels show a strong adhesion to marine surfaces and dopamine played an important role in the adhesion of mussels as an amino acid contained in these proteins, dopaminebased adhesives are expected to allow binding even under moist conditions or other contaminating environmental conditions [1]
Preparation of the Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode The clay material is characterized as shown in Figure 1A and Different to the long formation time of polydopamine films in the bulk solution [1], the formation of aligned nanobelts via oxidation of dopamine just needed 10 minutes in the present work
Summary
Biomaterials have received extensive interest due to their combination of unique physical and chemical properties. A study on the adhesion mechanism of the secreted proteins indicated that the specialized adhesive protein subtypes contains 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (dopamine) [1,2,3]. By focusing on these properties, dopamine was inserted artificially into some polymer chains to prepare mimic adhesive materials, such as polymers for use as antifouling surfaces [4,5]. Compared with chemical adhesive materials, dopamine-based adhesive or coating is both economical and simple [1,4,5,6,7]. If dopamine is directly used as an adhesive, the chemical preparation of dopamine-grafted polymers is unnecessary.
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