Abstract
In the fight against cancer, early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. Traditional cancer diagnostic technologies, on the other hand, have limitations that make early detection difficult. Therefore, multi-functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) and nano-biosensors have revolutionized the era of cancer diagnosis and treatment for targeted action via attaching specified and biocompatible ligands to target the tissues, which are highly over-expressed in certain types of cancers. Advancements in multi-functionalized NPs can be achieved via modifying molecular genetics to develop personalized and targeted treatments based on RNA interference. Modification in RNA therapies utilized small RNA subunits in the form of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) for overexpressing the specific genes of, most commonly, breast, colon, gastric, cervical, and hepatocellular cancer. RNA-conjugated nanomaterials appear to be the gold standard for preventing various malignant tumors through focused diagnosis and delivering to a specific tissue, resulting in cancer cells going into programmed death. The latest advances in RNA nanotechnology applications for cancer diagnosis and treatment are summarized in this review.
Highlights
Despite decades of basic and clinical investigation, as well as trials of new therapeutic modalities, cancer remains a substantial cause of mortality worldwide [1]
The ratchet-like shape and strong elasticity of pRNA-3WJ-based NPs show improved enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects and higher tumor penetration. These findings showed that pRNA-3WJ-based NPs could be synthesized with high selectivity and low side effects for healthy tissues
The synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNA) and multi-functionalized NPs were characterized based on zeta sizing, NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cytotoxicity studies, cellular uptake, gene silencing, apoptosis signaling, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the results of these characterization techniques assured the successful conjugation of a new class of amylose NPs for the targeted delivery to Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells
Summary
Despite decades of basic and clinical investigation, as well as trials of new therapeutic modalities, cancer remains a substantial cause of mortality worldwide [1]. Nanomaterials (i.e., niosomes [3], polymer-based nanocapsules [4], nanoparticles (NPs) [5,6,7,8], metal nanocages [9], nanocomposites [10], nanoliposomes [11], and engineered nanohydrogels [12]), with highly controlled geometry and physic-chemical properties, have been introduced as promising tools for recognizing cancer tissues and serve as novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) to achieve active targeting [2,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. It is believed that nanotechnology can purposefully improve the clinical outcome of cancer therapies through improving the tolerability of the efficacy of novel drugs [22] or delivering proteins, DNA, RNA, and various types of Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 3330. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 3330 jected synergistic tetravalent RNA-NPs into the tail-vein of mice.
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