Novel pathway of iron‑induced blood coagulation: implications for diabetes mellitus and its complications

Abstract

Fibrinogen (FBG) is a high-molecular-weight protein and precursor to the enzymatically formed fibrin. It has been recently discovered that FBG can be converted into an insoluble, fibrin-like polymer by a nonenzymatic action of hydroxyl radicals (HRs). These free radicals are generated due to the reaction between hydroxyl groups of water and trivalent ferric ions without the participation of any redox agent. The interaction between HRs and FBG occurs in a purified system, as well as in human plasma and in whole blood. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of thrombin-induced fibers and those generated with ferric chloride has shown substantial differences in their morphology and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Fibrin strands caused by thrombin are thick and easily digested with chymotrypsin. By contrast, the dense matted deposits formed from FBG in the presence of ferric ions are remarkably resistant to proteolytic and chemical degradations due to the presence of intermolecular hydrophobic bonds. Thus, we postulate that this iron-catalyzed reaction represents a novel blood coagulation pathway operating in degenerative diseases. By means of SEM, we showed the presence of dense fibrin-like deposits in the blood of diabetic patients. Therefore, the prothrombotic state and cardiovascular complications observed in diabetes can be explained in terms of the persistent in vivo action of free iron. This phenomenon may explain hemorheologic disturbances in patients with metabolic syndrome and other diseases caused by iron overload. Of note, HRs can be effectively scavenged by phenolic substances; therefore, certain natural polyphenolic substances, which also scavenge HRs, may be considered to have a potential antidiabetic effect. Moreover, natural or synthetic iron-binding substances may also be considered as a new class of antidiabetic drugs.