Abstract
Released oxygen plays a critical role in reducing destructive tumor behavior. This study aims to utilize decomposed hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source by conjugating it with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVP–hydrogen peroxide complex (PHP) composed of different ratios of (PVP : H2O2) (0.5 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 1.5, 1 : 5, and 1 : 10) were successfully synthesized. PHP complex with a ratio of 1 : 1.5 was chosen as the optimized ratio, and it was incorporated into the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanofibrous scaffold via the electrospinning technique. Results have revealed that the PMMA–10% PHP complex provided a significant morphological structure of nanofibrous scaffolds. The mechanical properties of PMMA–10% PHP nanofibers showed the most suitable mechanical features such as Young's modulus, elongation-at-break (%), and maximum strength, in addition to the highest degree of swelling. All PHP complex scaffolds released oxygen in a sustained manner. However, the PMMA–10% PHP complex gave the highest concentration of released-oxygen with (∼8.9 mg L−1, after 2.5 h). PMMA–10% PHP nanofibers provided an ideal model for released-oxygen scaffold with anti-cancer effect and high selectivity for cancer cells, especially for breast cancer cells. Nanofibrous scaffolds with different composition revealed high cell viability for normal cells. Such outcomes support the suitability of using synthesized nanofibrous scaffolds as released-oxygen biomaterials to enhance cancer cells' sensitivity and maximize the treatment effect.
Highlights
Most solid tumors develop due to hypoxia, when the normal cells suffering from an insufficient oxygen supply are converted to cancer cells
The PVP–hydrogen peroxide complex (PHP) (PVP : H2O2) complex was used as the source of oxygen, which previously con rmed the role of oxygen in the cancer treatment
The most sustained amount of released oxygen from the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) + 10% PHP scaffold was described to have a good dispersion of the PHP complex and showed the highest mechanical properties with smooth nano bers
Summary
Most solid tumors develop due to hypoxia, when the normal cells suffering from an insufficient oxygen supply are converted to cancer cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor hypoxia is a critical obstacle for effective cancer treatment with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, as well as radiotherapy.[1]. Multiple studies have revealed that the hypoxic environment of the tumor has a critical role in regulating cancer metastases, speci cally via the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), which occupies a vital role in controlling the hypoxic response.[8] Oxygen enhanced the degradation of HIF-1 and locked genes, which are activated by the hypoxic environment.[9] Hypoxia is considered to be the main factor for stimulating the transition of epithelial cells (cobble-stone shape) to mesenchymal cells ( at-spindle shape), with high potential for invasion, motility proteins, and metastatic niche formation.[10] This biological transition process is called the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). There is a strong relationship between tumor progression and hypoxia
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