Abstract
Extremophilic fungi have been found to develop unique defences to survive extremes of pressure, temperature, salinity, desiccation, and pH, leading to the biosynthesis of novel natural products with diverse biological activities. The present review focuses on new extremophilic fungal natural products published from 2005 to 2017, highlighting the chemical structures and their biological potential.
Highlights
The term “extremophile” was first proposed by MacElroy in 1974 to describe a broad group of organisms which lived optimally under extreme conditions [1], and the taxonomic range of them has been expanded from prokaryotes to all three domains—Eucarya, Bacteria, and Archaea [2].Extremophiles are classified into seven categories according to different extreme habitats
This review focuses on the source, chemistry, and biology of novel natural products which were derived from extremophilic fungi
These fungal products are classified according to extremophile classifications, and when a fungal strain falls under multiple classifications, it is grouped under the dominant environmental factor
Summary
The term “extremophile” was first proposed by MacElroy in 1974 to describe a broad group of organisms which lived optimally under extreme conditions [1], and the taxonomic range of them has been expanded from prokaryotes to all three domains—Eucarya, Bacteria, and Archaea [2]. Acidophiles or alkaliphiles show optimal growth at pH values 9 respectively [6] Organisms from these extreme habitats require special survival strategies for growing and reproducing, and the adaptation to such conditions requires the modification of gene regulation and metabolic pathways [9,10,11,12,13], extremophiles seem to be good potential candidates for novel natural products. This review focuses on the source, chemistry, and biology of novel natural products which were derived from extremophilic fungi. These fungal products are classified according to extremophile classifications, and when a fungal strain falls under multiple classifications, it is grouped under the dominant environmental factor.
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