Abstract
Multistatic adaptive microwave imaging (MAMI) methods are presented and compared for early breast cancer detection. Due to the significant contrast between the dielectric properties of normal and malignant breast tissues, developing microwave imaging techniques for early breast cancer detection has attracted much interest lately. MAMI is one of the microwave imaging modalities and employs multiple antennas that take turns to transmit ultra-wideband (UWB) pulses while all antennas are used to receive the reflected signals. MAMI can be considered as a special case of the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar with the multiple transmitted waveforms being either UWB pulses or zeros. Since the UWB pulses transmitted by different antennas are displaced in time, the multiple transmitted waveforms are orthogonal to each other. The challenge to microwave imaging is to improve resolution and suppress strong interferences caused by the breast skin, nipple, and so forth. The MAMI methods we investigate herein utilize the data-adaptive robust Capon beamformer (RCB) to achieve high resolution and interference suppression. We will demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods for breast cancer detection via numerical examples with data simulated using the finite-difference time-domain method based on a 3D realistic breast model.
Highlights
Breast cancer takes a tremendous toll on our society
The effectiveness of Xray mammography has been questioned by certain sources in recent years and is somewhat currently under debate due to its inherent limitations in resolving both low- and highcontrast lesions and masses in radiologically dense glandular breast tissues
We focus on comparing microwave imaging (MAMI)-1 with the other two MAMI methods
Summary
Breast cancer takes a tremendous toll on our society. One in eight women in the US will get breast cancer in her lifetime [1]. Mammography presents its major limitation in the sector of the population of highest public health interest and criticality. Some techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron emission tomography (PET) have led to an increase in the identification of small abnormalities in the human breast, but the widespread use of MRI and PET for routine breast cancer screening is unlikely due to their high costs. For monostatic CMI, the transmitter is used as a receiver and is moved across the breast to form a synthetic aperture. For bistatic CMI, one transmitting and one receiving antenna are used as a pair and moved across the breast to form a synthetic aperture. The following notation will be used: (·)T denotes the transpose, Rm×n stands for the Euclidean space of dimension m × n, B 0 means that B is positive semidefinite, bold lowercase symbols represent vectors, and bold capital letters represent matrices
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