Novel high entropy alloy/NiAl2O4 photocatalysts for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride: Heterojunction construction, performance evaluation and mechanistic insights

Abstract

Novel NiAl2O4 (NAO)/high entropy alloy (HEA) (Ti), NAO/HEA (Mn) and NAO/HEA (Mo) heterojunction photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) under simulated sunlight irradiation were synthesized by the polyacrylamide gel method combined with a low temperature sintering technique. The effects of environmental parameters, including drug concentration, catalyst content and pH value, on the photocatalytic activity of NAO/HEA photocatalysts were investigated in detail on the basis of the response surface methodology (RSM) and experimental results. The optimal initial TC concentration, catalyst content, and pH were 100 mg/L, 1 g/L, and 5, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of NAO/HEA photocatalyst (84.6 %) was significantly improved compared to the degradation percentage of HEA (Ti) photocatalyst (36.5 %). The roles of active free radicals including h+, •O2−, •OH and oxygen vacancy in photocatalysis were verified using multiple characterization methods. In-depth analysis was conducted on the degradation pathway of TC, the safety of degradation intermediates, and the photocatalytic mechanism of NAO/HEA (Ti) photocatalyst. The Z - scheme heterojunction can significantly improve the transport efficiency of photogenerated carriers and inhibit the recombination rate of electron hole pairs in the system, which provides a new idea for exploring the application of new HEA - based heterojunction photocatalysts in the field of photocatalysis.