Novel hereditary angioedema linked with a heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 6 gene mutation

Abstract

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a potentially fatal disorder resulting in recurrent attacks of severe swelling. It may be associated with a genetic deficiency of functional C1 inhibitor or with normal C1 inhibitor (HAEnCI). In families with HAEnCI, HAE-linked mutations in the F12, PLG, KNG1, ANGPT1, or MYOF genes have been identified. In many families with HAEnCI the genetic cause of the disease is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to identify a novel disease-linked mutation for HAEnCI. The study methods comprised whole exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing analysis, pedigree analysis, bioinformatic analysis of the mutation, and biochemical analysis of parameters of the kallikrein-kinin (contact) system. By performing whole exome sequencing on a multigenerational family with HAEnCI we were able to identify the heparan sulfate (HS)-glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 6 (HS3ST6) mutation c.430A>T (p.Thr144Ser) in all 3 affected family members who were sequenced. This gene encodes HS-glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 6 (3-OST-6), which is involved in the last step of HS biosynthesis. The p.Thr144Ser mutation is likely to affect the interaction between 2 β-sheets stabilizing the active center of the 3-OST-6 protein. We conclude that mutant 3-OST-6 fails to transfer sulfo groups to the 3-OH position of HS, resulting in incomplete HS biosynthesis. This likely affects cell surface interactions of key players in angioedema formation and is a novel mechanism for disease development.