Novel Forecasting, Bioindicator, and Bioremediation for Pesticides Contamination in Soil

Abstract

The global concern has been increased drastically due to the environmental pollution over the public health. Pesticides are one of the main environmental contaminants of the 20th and 21st centuries. Only a small amount of the pesticides used actually reaches their targets. The contaminated pesticides in soil are moving into the deep layers of soil, accumulating, and transforming there. Pesticides may be found in unexpected places a long time after they were used. Despite pesticides are harmful to human health and environment, but there are certain benefits. The pesticides’ physico-chemical traits are responsible for persistence, movement, and fate within the environment. The contamination of pesticides in soil lessens the quality, especially microbial diversity and enzymes. Also, soil fauna is promising bioindicator for contamination. Bioremediation is effective process to remove the accumulated hazardous chemicals from environment by microbes (microbial-remediation) or plants (phytoremediation). Phytoremediation is considered a novel forecasting method referring to plants usages for removing contaminated toxicants from different environments. Certain mechanisms for phytoremediation were included: phytotransformation, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, and rhizoremediation.