Abstract
Gaiadandendron punctatum G.Don. (violeta de campo) is a plant used in traditional medicine by the Saraguro people, an ancient indigenous group that lives in southern Ecuador. From samples collected in the region, six glycoside flavonoids, five with quercetin and one with kaempferol as aglycon, were isolated and characterized from hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves and flowers. Rutin (2) was found in flowers and leaves, nicotiflorin (1) was found in flowers, artabotryside A (3) was found in leaves, and three novel quercetin flavonoid glycosides were isolated, elucidated, and characterized via 1D and 2D NMR experiments (1H, 13C, COSY, DEPT, HMBC, HSQC, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY), acid hydrolysis–derivatization–GC-MS analysis, HPLC-MS, IR, UV, and optical rotation. The new quercetin flavonoid glycosides were named hecpatrin (4) (isolated from leaves), gaiadendrin (5) (isolated from leaves), and puchikrin (6) (isolated from flowers). The hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves presented antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis and the hydroalcoholic extract of the flowers was active against Micrococcus luteus. However, glycoside flavonoids presented scarce antimicrobial activity against bacteria. Hydroalcoholic extracts from leaves and flowers and their secondary metabolites showed inhibition against the α-glucosidase enzyme at different concentrations. Rutin, gaiadendrin, and nicotiflorin showed competitive α-glucosidase inhibition, while hecpatrin presented non-competitive inhibition.
Highlights
The Saraguro community is one of the indigenous Kichwa groups of Ecuador, and has settled for centuries in the Loja Province of southern Ecuador
The ethnic groups of Ecuador such as the Saraguros have been known for their use of numerous medicinal plants, and for managing their own healthcare system [1]
G. punctatum is a parasitic plant [5] located in Central and South
Summary
The Saraguro community is one of the indigenous Kichwa groups of Ecuador, and has settled for centuries in the Loja Province of southern Ecuador. (violeta de campo) is a Loranthaceae family member [2], known locally as “violeta de campo” in Spanish and “puchik” in the Kichwa language, and is used in traditional preparations by indigenous Saraguro. This community use the aqueous infusion from leaves and flowers as a hair tonic, and in the traditional treatment of bronchitis, hepatic pain, influenza, and strong coughs [3,4]. G. punctatum is a parasitic plant [5] located in Central and South
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