Abstract
Nowadays flame-retardant chemicals are mandatory in many products worldwide, flame-retardant chemicals are mandatory in many products worldwide, since they protect human life and property. Over the past few decades the use of flame-retardant chemicals has increase. Flame-retardant polymeric materials have spawned huge research interest in both scientific and industrial communities due to their broad range of applications in the fields of aviation, automotive industry, construction, electronics and telecommunications. The use of conventional FRs to meet the fire safety standards is of serious importance as they ultimately yield POPs of global concern. Considering eco-friendliness and other required properties, unsatisfactory fire performance is a major obstacle. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of traditional, commonly used flame retardants, as well as an overview of new, more environmentally acceptable alternatives.
Highlights
Fire safety is one of the most important topics in every industry
The free-radical mechanism of the combustion process can be stopped by the incorporation of flame retardant additives that preferentially release specific radicals (e.g. Cl· and Br·) in the gas phase
The class of halogen-free compounds is further disintegrated into smaller categories; the most frequently referred in literature are phosphorus-based flame retardants, nitrogen compounds, intumescent systems, mineral flame retardants, silicon-based additives, and nanoparticles
Summary
Fire safety is one of the most important topics in every industry (from manufacturing to construction). Flame retardant systems are intended to inhibit or to stop the polymer combustion process described in the previous paragraphs In function of their nature, flame retardant systems can either act physically (by cooling, formation of a protective layer or fuel dilution) or chemically (reaction in the condensed or gas phase). The free-radical mechanism of the combustion process can be stopped by the incorporation of flame retardant additives that preferentially release specific radicals (e.g. Cl· and Br·) in the gas phase These radicals can react with highly reactive species (such as H· and OH·) to formless reactive or even inert molecules. The flame retardant can cause the formation of a carbonized (perhaps expanded) or vitreous layer at the surface of the polymer by chemical transformation of the degrading polymer chains This char or vitrified layer acts as a physical insulating layer between the gas phase and the condensed phase [1]
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