Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Less than half of cases are diagnosed when the cancer is locally advanced. CRC is a heterogenous disease associated with a number of genetic or somatic mutations. Diagnostic markers are used for risk stratification and early detection, which might prolong overall survival. Nowadays, the widespread use of semi-invasive endoscopic methods and feacal blood tests characterised by suboptimal accuracy of diagnostic results has led to the detection of cases at later stages. New molecular noninvasive tests based on the detection of CRC alterations seem to be more sensitive and specific then the current methods. Therefore, research aiming at identifying molecular markers, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, would improve survival rates and contribute to the development of personalized medicine. The identification of “ideal” diagnostic biomarkers, having high sensitivity and specificity, being safe, cheap and easy to measure, remains a challenge. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in novel diagnostic biomarkers for tumor tissue, blood and stool samples in CRC patients.
Highlights
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and incident cancers worldwide, as well as a significant cause of mortality
Biomarkers might be different types of circulating biochemical molecules, such as proteins, tumor DNA, tumor-derived cells and miRNA in the blood, all of which are frequently used in CRC diagnostics
The combination of CDH17 and SATB2 served as potential optimal markers for the differential diagnostics of pulmonary enteric adenocarcinoma (PEAC) and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma with high sensitivity (76.92%) and specificity (100%) [251]
Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and incident cancers worldwide, as well as a significant cause of mortality. If colorectal cancer is detected in early stage, it is curable. Early detection can reduce mortality of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy has been well established as the gold standard of colorectal cancer screening with high sensitivity and specificity. It is costly in terms of money and manpower, requiring experienced endoscopists and patient adherence. The development of advanced molecular techniques comes with aid in detection and treatment of colorectal cancer. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in novel diagnostic biomarkers for tumor tissue, blood and stool samples in CRC patients
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