Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of cells generated in various pathologic conditions, which have been known to be key components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) involving in tumor immune tolerance. So MDSCs have been extensively researched recently. As its name suggests, immunosuppression is the widely accepted function of MDSCs. Aside from suppressing antitumor immune responses, MDSCs in the TME also stimulate tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, thereby promoting tumor growth and development. Therefore, altering the recruitment, expansion, activation, and immunosuppression of MDSCs could partially restore antitumor immunity. So, this view focused on the favorable TME conditions that promote the immunosuppressive effects of MDSCs and contribute to targeted therapies with increased precision for MDSCs.
Highlights
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the direct environment in which tumor cells live, consists of lymphocytes, immune cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM), and it is closely associated with tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis (Chen et al, 2015)
long non-coding (Lnc)-chop interacts with the inhibitory proteins of chop and C/EBP β to promote the activation of C/EBP β, and it promotes the immunosuppression of Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the TME by upregulating the level of ARG-1 and increasing
As research on MDSCs has progressed, the expansion and activation of MDSCs appear to be a universal feature in malignant tumors, highlighting the importance of understanding their biological functions in the TME
Summary
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the direct environment in which tumor cells live, consists of lymphocytes, immune cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM), and it is closely associated with tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis (Chen et al, 2015). Studies have shown that cytokines from tumor cells and activated immune cells in the TME promote the recruitment, activation, expansion, and suppressive activities of MDSCs in tumor progression (Table 1). These cytokines are divided into two groups in light of the different roles on MDSCs. The first class is in charge of the expansion of MDSCs, and it mainly includes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF). There are many factors existed in the TME for MDSC recruitment, activation, and expansion, which may be targets to the cancer treatment by modifying MDSC function. This review highlighted the recruitment, expansion, and activation of MDSC in the TME and may provide more effective strategies for MDSC-based cancer therapy
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