Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the roles and tribological mechanisms of onion-like carbon nanoparticles derived from biodiesel soot (BDS) when applied in water (H2O) and liquid paraffin (LP). In this study, we prepared nitric acid-treated BDS (NA-BDS) as an additive to H2O and NA-BDS modified with oleylamine (NA-BDS-OLA) as an additive to LP. Raman spectroscopy, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and zeta potentiometry were used to characterize the results of the nitric acid treatment and oleylamine modification. The tribological behaviors and corresponding mechanisms of the new onion-like carbon nanoparticles were evaluated using a ball-on-disc reciprocating tribometer, as well as field-emission scanning electron microscopy, three-dimensional laser scanning microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that the additives NA-BDS and NA-BDS-OLA, which were onion-like carbon nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 35 to 40 nm, enhanced the antiwear and friction reduction properties of H2O and LP, respectively. Through tribo-mechanisms, these types of soot can serve as spacers and ball bearings between the rubbing surfaces. Moreover, exfoliation under a high load as a result of the formation of a graphitic layer facilitates easy shearing.
Highlights
With changes in the global climate and with the growing energy demand, there has been an increased interest in renewable fuels for the replacement of petroleum
For NA-biodiesel soot (BDS), the peaks at (1535 cm−1 and 1726 cm−1) and 1347 cm−1 are attributed to the stretching vibrations of C=O and C–O, respectively, indicating that strong (–COOH) polar groups were introduced into the nitric acid-treated BDS (NA-BDS) through the nitric acid treatment [31]
This phenomenon6 wofa1s4 due to the oxidation of BDS, which increased the amount of hydrophilic functional groups in dNpineeAdacirk-ceBsaaDtasiteSnd2g[83ft51rh3o]a,matantn2hdd0e20ss9.tu52ar3nbfamiclcmize(eb−ode1ftaNtwhreAeeea-mnBssDa1ot2Sce2i-ra.Oi4ateLladAnindwcHo3itn92hO6ta–..1iCnAnHesmd2i–nlfoodanrnicgBda-Dct–eaCSdrbHibno3ynLs-FPtcrih)geattuocinrh1eil3ni50pgb.o4,vptnihhbmerilaim(ctbiogeenartownsu,eprpeeasnsrpot6iewc8cl.iet1nivasgeinztldyoe, 2th9e5.O3 LnAmtrfeoartmNeAn-tB[D32S]-.OTLhAis iwnaLsPb)e,cwauhsiechofitshaesmcraibneydactotivtheehyindtrrooxdyulcatniodncaorfbfouxnycltgiornoualpgsroofuNpAs -wBDithS hwihghichlipcaonphaidliscoitryb aonndthreeacsturwfaitche OofLAN.AIn-BteDreSs-OtinLgAly,[3t3h]e. pTehaekseshraepsueltosf Cag–rHeeuwndelelr wNiAth-BtDheS-FOTLIAR mbeecaasmuerenmaerrnotws.er than OLA, indicating that the C–H content of NA-BDS-OLA was smaller than OLA
Summary
With changes in the global climate and with the growing energy demand, there has been an increased interest in renewable fuels for the replacement of petroleum. Soot in the lubricating oil can increase the viscosity of the oil and affect its tribological properties. Guo et al [8] reported that the anti-wear and friction-reduction properties of PAO (Polyalphaolefin) 4 oil were improved by adding 0.01 wt % diesel soot. Carbon nano-onions have been widely studied as lubrication additives because they can improve the tribological properties of oils. Hirata et al [10] reported that the closed structure of carbon nano-onions provides good mechanical strength. BDS contains short grapheme segments of high tortuosity [11,12], which exhibit great potential for the development of onion-like carbon nanoparticles. To the best of our knowledge, few reports have described onion-like carbon nanoparticles derived from BDS as a lubricant additive
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