Abstract
Exploration of novel candidates for vaccine development against Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp), the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), has recently gained immense importance due to both the increased number of outbreaks and the alarming risk of transboundary spread of disease. Treatment by antibiotics as the only therapeutic strategy is not a viable option due to pathogen persistence, economic issues, and concerns of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, prophylactics or vaccines are becoming important under the current scenario. For quite some time inactivated, killed, or attenuated vaccines proved to be beneficial and provided good immunity up to a year. However, their adverse effects and requirement for larger doses led to the need for production of large quantities of Mccp. This is challenging because the required culture medium is costly and Mycoplasma growth is fastidious and slow. Furthermore, quality control is always an issue with such vaccines. Currently, novel candidate antigens including capsular polysaccharides (CPS), proteins, enzymes, and genes are being evaluated for potential use as vaccines. These have shown potential immunogenicity with promising results in eliciting protective immune responses. Being easy to produce, specific, effective and free from side effects, these novel vaccine candidates can revolutionize vaccination against CCPP. Use of novel proteomic approaches, including sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectroscopy, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), bioinformatics, computerized simulation and genomic approaches, including multilocus sequence analysis, next-generation sequencing, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), gene expression, and recombinant expression, will further enable recognition of ideal antigenic proteins and virulence genes with vaccination potential.
Highlights
Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp) is the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), which is a potentially devastating transboundary contagious disease endangering the goat population in more than 40 countries [1,2,3,4,5]
Other candidates include genes involved in coding of structural units, such as membrane proteins, or antigens [17,21], enzymes involved in physiological or metabolic pathways, such as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), L-α-glycerophosphate oxidase (GlpO), transketolase, phosphoenolpyruvate protein phosphotransferase, glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferase subunit A, L-lactate dehydrogenase [16,17,19,20], as well as other candidates known to be involved in the bacterial pathogenicity and metabolic pathways, including glycerol metabolism and hydrogen peroxide production pathways [17,19]
The present review provides details regarding advanced aspects of CCPP vaccine development, including prophylactics used in the past, current research, and future prospects, with brief insights into novel technologies that have been applied
Summary
Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp) is the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), which is a potentially devastating transboundary contagious disease endangering the goat population in more than 40 countries [1,2,3,4,5]. Other candidates include genes involved in coding of structural units, such as membrane proteins, or antigens (the glpF, glpK, and glpD gene cluster and the gtsA, gtsB, and gtsC gene cluster) [17,21], enzymes involved in physiological or metabolic pathways, such as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), L-α-glycerophosphate oxidase (GlpO), transketolase, phosphoenolpyruvate protein phosphotransferase, glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferase subunit A, L-lactate dehydrogenase [16,17,19,20], as well as other candidates known to be involved in the bacterial pathogenicity and metabolic pathways, including glycerol metabolism and hydrogen peroxide production pathways [17,19] Some of these new candidates show promising roles in vaccines [13,16,19], and facilitate rapid identification of the causative agent (Mccp) [15,22]. The present review provides details regarding advanced aspects of CCPP vaccine development, including prophylactics used in the past, current research, and future prospects, with brief insights into novel technologies that have been applied
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