Abstract
The application of next-generation molecular, biochemical and immunological methods for developing new vaccines, antimicrobial compounds, probiotics and prebiotics for zoonotic infection control has been fundamental to the understanding and preservation of the symbiotic relationship between animals and humans. With increasing rates of antibiotic use, resistant bacterial infections have become more difficult to diagnose, treat, and eradicate, thereby elevating the importance of surveillance and prevention programs. Effective surveillance relies on the availability of rapid, cost-effective methods to monitor pathogenic bacterial isolates. In this opinion article, we summarize the results of some research program initiatives for the improvement of live vaccines against avian enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli using virulence factor gene deletion and engineered vaccine vectors based on probiotics. We also describe methods for the detection of pathogenic bacterial strains in eco-environmental headspace and aerosols, as well as samples of animal and human breath, based on the composition of volatile organic compounds and fatty acid methyl esters. We explain how the introduction of these low-cost biotechnologies and protocols will provide the opportunity to enhance co-operation between networks of resistance surveillance programs and integrated routine workflows of veterinary and clinical public health microbiology laboratories.
Highlights
In many South American countries, more than twothirds of all antimicrobials produced are administrated to animals, not human patients, mainly for growth promotion, treating animal disease and prophylaxis [1, 2]
Animal fecal microflora harbor a vast reservoir of antibiotic-resistance genes, which are predominantly acquired by human commensal and pathogenic bacteria [10, 11]
We will describe the technical and biotechnological discoveries that are being implemented for early identification of presence/absence of pathogenic bacterial strains, including those with acquired antimicrobial resistance based on the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile fatty acids (FAMEs)
Summary
In many South American countries, more than twothirds of all antimicrobials produced are administrated to animals, not human patients, mainly for growth promotion, treating animal disease and prophylaxis [1, 2]. Antibiotic overuse contributes to the spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms and increases the risk factor of infections and diseases in both animals and humans [3]. Animal fecal microflora harbor a vast reservoir of antibiotic-resistance genes, which are predominantly acquired by human commensal and pathogenic bacteria [10, 11].
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