Abstract
In this work, novel bacterial cellulose/κ-carrageenan (BNC/κ-Car) composites, being potential scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE), and outperforming the two polymers when used as scaffolds separately, were for the first time obtained using an in situ method, based on the stationary culture of bacteria Komagateibacter xylinus E25. The composites were compared with native BNC in terms of the morphology of fibers, chemical composition, crystallinity, tensile and compression strength, water holding capacity, water retention ratio and swelling properties. Murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cells were applied to assess the utility of the BNC/κ-Car composites as potential scaffolds. The impact of the composites on the cells viability, chondrogenic differentiation, and expression patterns of Col1α1, Col2α1, Runx2, and Sox9, which are indicative of ATDC5 chondrogenic differentiation, was determined. None of the composites obtained in this study caused the chondrocyte hypertrophy. All of them supported the differentiation of ATDC5 cells to more chondrogenic phenotype.
Highlights
IntroductionArticular cartilage tissue consists of chondrocytes growing in an extracellular matrix (ECM), which is responsible for the adhesion and differentiation of cells and cell-to-cell communication
Articular cartilage tissue consists of chondrocytes growing in an extracellular matrix (ECM), which is responsible for the adhesion and differentiation of cells and cell-to-cell communication.The principal components of ECM are certain fibrous proteins; e.g., type II collagen, proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate [1]
We examined the influence of BNC/κ-carrageenan composites on chondrogenic differentiation as a goal of cartilage tissue engineering
Summary
Articular cartilage tissue consists of chondrocytes growing in an extracellular matrix (ECM), which is responsible for the adhesion and differentiation of cells and cell-to-cell communication. The principal components of ECM are certain fibrous proteins; e.g., type II collagen, proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate [1]. Articular cartilage protects the bone ends from friction and compressive loads. The injuries and articular diseases are frequent and may cause pain, arthrodesis, and joint arthoplasty. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of cartilage, tissue repair methods have been sought for. Autografts and allografts are used to treat these lesions. The donor cartilage tissue is available in insufficient amounts and may induce an immune
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