Abstract
Once it became clear that inflammation takes place in the modulation of different degenerative disease including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, diabetes and cancer the researchers has started intensive programs evaluating potential role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the prevention or therapy of these diseases. This review discusses the novel mechanism of action of NSAIDs and its potential use in the pharmacotherapy of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, diabetes and cancer diseases. Many different molecular and cellular factors which are not yet fully understood play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation, axonal damage, demyelination, atherosclerosis, carcinogenesis thus further NSAID studies for a new potential indications based on precise pharmacotherapy model are warranted since NSAIDs are a heterogeneous group of medicines with relative different pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profiles. Hopefully the new data from studies will fill in the gap between experimental and clinical results and translate our knowledge into successful disease therapy.
Highlights
Medicines applied for the relief of pain, fever, and inflammation from herbs or plants were known for centuries
Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis since reports have identified the inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders [51]
There may be a protective effect of non-aspirin NSAIDs use on the risk of PD consistent with a possible neuroinflammatory pathway in PD pathogenesis [87], but no association or week was found between regular use of various NSAIDs including aspirin and ibuprofen and reduction of PD risk from epidemiological studies [88,89,90,91,92,93]
Summary
Medicines applied for the relief of pain, fever, and inflammation from herbs or plants were known for centuries. In Germany, a few antipyretic/analgesic agents likeantipyrine, aminopyrine, phenacetin, and paracetamol (acetaminophen) as the active metabolite of phenacetin were commercially developed for use in the management of pain, fever, and inflammation in the 1950s [4]. It looks like the chemical advances of the 19th–20th centuries promoted the development of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), most of which were initially organic acids, and later on non-acidic compounds were discovered [4]. Samuelsson for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances that influence blood pressure, body temperature, allergic reactions, and other physiologic phenomena in mammals [8,9] and NSAIDs have become first choice drugs for the treatment of various pain, fever, and inflammation conditions
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