Novel 2-indolinone thiazole hybrids as sunitinib analogues: Design, synthesis, and potent VEGFR-2 inhibition with potential anti-renal cancer activity.

Abstract

Novel 2-indolinone thiazole hybrids were designed and synthesized as VEGFR-2 inhibitors based on sunitinib, an FDA-approved anticancer drug. The proposed structures of the prepared 2-indolinone thiazole hybrids were confirmed based on their spectral data and CHN analyses. The target compounds were screened invitro for their anti-VEGFR-2 activity. All tested compounds exhibited a potent submicromolar inhibition of VEGFR-2 kinase with IC50 values ranging from 0.067 to 0.422μM, relative to sunitinib reference drug (IC50=0.075±0.002μM). Compounds 5, 15a, 15b, 17, 19c displayed excellent VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity, comparable or nearly equipotent to sunitinib. Compound 13b stood out as the most potent against VEGFR-2 showing IC50 value of 0.067±0.002μM, lower than that of sunitinib. In addition, the most potent derivatives were assessed for their anticancer activity against two renal cancer cell lines. Compound 13b (IC50=3.9±0.13μM) was more potent than sunitinib (IC50=4.93±0.16μM) against CAKI-1cell line. Moreover, thiazole 15b displayed excellent anticancer activity against CAKI-1cell line (IC50=3.31±0.11μM), superior to that of sunitinib (IC50=4.93±0.16μM). Thiazole 15b was also equipotent to sunitinib (IC50=1.23±0.04μM) against A498cell line. Besides, compound 15b revealed a safety profile much better than that of sunitinib against normal human renal cells. Furthermore, a docking study revealed a proper fitting of the most active compounds into the ATP binding site of VEGFR-2, rationalizing their potent anti-VEGFR-2 activity.