Abstract
Material and intellectual poverty, suffering, frustration, unhappiness, grinding penury, homesickness, disappointment, uncertainty, sterile faction fighting, enervating sloth: the experience of exile has not been highly regarded by historians.Z Was poverty, or ‘grinding penury’ a major feature of the lives of the exiled Cavaliers and their families? How did they manage to survive, in many cases for years, deprived of their normal sources of income? Many were also burdened with composition fines and during the Civil War had already made considerable financial contributions to the Stuart cause. They faced life in exile with their estates either sequestered or confiscated outright and without the incomes that office in a large royal court or in a department of the government had once provided.
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