Abstract
The diversity of sporocarp-inhabiting fungi (SCIF) was examined using six samples of xylarialean fungi from two different forests in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan: a moist forest in the Sakuragawa area and an urban dry forest in the Tsukuba area. These fungi were enumerated using direct observation and dilution plate methods. We obtained 44 isolates, and careful morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies of these isolates revealed that approximately 30% of the operating taxonomic units were undescribed or cryptic species related to known fungi. Although typical mycoparasitic fungi, such as helotialean fungi and Trichoderma spp., were not isolated, the genera Acremonium, Acrodontium, and Simplicillium were detected. Comparisons of SCIF communities between the two forests suggested that the number of isolated species in the Sakuragawa area was lower than that in the Tsukuba area. Soil-borne fungi, such as Aspergillus, Beauveria, Penicillium, and Talaromyces, or polypores/corticioid mushrooms, are frequently detected in the Tsukuba area. Factors affecting SCIF communities in the two forests are discussed. Some noteworthy fungi are briefly described with notes on taxonomy, ecology, and molecular phylogeny.
Highlights
Suwannarach and Michael WinkFungi are classified into one of the largest kingdoms in eukaryotes and are estimated to include more than 2.2 to 3.8 million species [1]
Acremonium/Verticilliumlike fungi from the old stromata of xylarialean fungi or the tissues of Puccinia sp. were previously reported [12,13,14,15], while fungicolous fungi occurring in mushrooms in Japan were detected previously [16]
Sequence similarities were approximately 98–99%, several species were treated as unidentified species as “sp.” for Acremonium, or tentatively identified as Acrodontium sp. aff
Summary
Suwannarach and Michael WinkFungi are classified into one of the largest kingdoms in eukaryotes (i.e., kingdomFungi) and are estimated to include more than 2.2 to 3.8 million species [1]. Hidden underestimated diversity has been reported in unique niches, such as soda soils detected using a culture-independent method [2], deep-sea using direct DNA sequencing method [3]. Xerophiles, such as Aspergillus halophilicus and Wallemia sebi [4,5], thermophiles [6], and hyperparasites [7] were reported in fungi. The term refers to species of fungi that are associated with other fungi and used even when the biological nature of the association and its trophic relationship are obscure [8,9]. Antagonists are different from mycoparasites in terminology on the other hand, studies on antagonistic fungi initially focused on pathogenic soil fungi using isolates from the same environment/substrate or stocked cultures in laboratories [17,18]
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