Notch Signaling in Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations and Immunohistochemical Detection of Cleaved Notch1 Intracellular Domain.

Abstract

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) or cavernomas are slow-flow capillary vascular malformations with a mulberry-like appearance, which are predominantly located in the central nervous system. CCM can occur in a sporadic or a familial form. The latter is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, and in the majority of the fragile lesions, mutations in the genes CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2 (OSM), or CCM3 (PDCD10) can be detected. Loss of these genes leads to numerous alterations in endothelial cell signaling resulting in a disturbed vessel architecture and function. Lower activity of Notch signaling occurs upon loss of CCM1, CCM3, or the CCM1-interacting protein ICAP1 in cell culture and animal models. Notch signaling in endothelial cells is an essential regulator of angiogenesis, arterial-venous differentiation, vascular permeability and stability, mural cell recruitment, and flux of metabolites across the vessel wall. The purpose of this chapter is to briefly summarize the current understanding of Notch signaling in familial CCM and to provide a protocol for detecting cleaved Notch1 receptor proteins on paraformaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded mouse tissue.