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This article analyzes two paintings by Jakob Bogdani, of the exotic aviaries of Admiral Churchill at Little Park, Windsor, between 1708 and 1710. In it, I argue that by following Bodgani's development from a painter of traditional still lifes to an innovative painter of exotic birds, we can trace the emergence of new rhetorical strategies, in which English colonial expansion and global trade are made to seem natural, agentless, and uncontested. These same strategies are evident in Alexander Pope's Windsor-Forest, written at the same time, about the same geographic space. While it appears to have been replaced by a simple, celebratory dynamic, the central tension of the still-life genre (or nature morte in French) between vivification and decay continues to animate Bogdani's bird paintings. Morte continues to shadow nature, through the appearance of two native British birds, a titmouse and a bullfinch, which he painted from dead specimens. Their appearance troubles the glorification of global expansion on display in these canvases, reminding viewers of the violence and death that underwrote European expansion into colonial territories. I argue that Bogdani's birds are uneasily suspended between the objects of earlier still-life paintings, and the subjects of later nature painting, and that in attending to their ungainly or uncanny aspects, we can see the outlines of a global Enlightenment.

The labor-force participation rate (LFPR, hereafter) of older males in the United States has fallen dramatically over the last 120 years.For the discussions of the long-term trend of the labor force participation rate of older males prior to 1940, see Durand, Labor Force; Long, Labor Force; Ransom and Sutch, “Labor” and “Trend”; Moen, Essays and “Labor”; Margo “Labor Force Participation”; Carter and Sutch, “Fixing the Facts”; and Lee, “Long-Term Unemployment.” In 1880 nearly four out of five men 65 and older were gainfully employed. Today, only 15 percent of males at those ages participate in the labor market. Such a sharp decline in the labor market activity of older men has been regarded as one of the most marked changes in the U.S. labor market that the twentieth century witnessed. In addition to the secular rise in retirement, the sharp increase in the share of the aged population has made this retirement behavior a major social issue in the post–World War II era. Many economists have attributed this phenomenon to the implementation and expansion of social insurance programs, especially Social Security.See Boskin, “Social Security”; Parsons, “Decline” and “Male Retirement Behavior”; Hurd and Boskin, “Effect”; and Gruber and Wise, Social Security. See Krueger and Pischke, “Effect”; and Lee “Rise” for some evidence against this argument. However, about half of the fall in the LFPR of older men took place prior to 1940, when the public programs for old-age security were not as yet well developed. Though a number of factors have been suggested, including rising retirement incomes and a changing industrial environment, it is not entirely clear what caused the exit of older workers from the work force during this period.Costa, Evolution.

Reviewed by: American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics Dominic J. Capeci Jr. American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics. By Charles L. Lumpkins. Athens: Ohio University Press. 2009. In his thought-provoking revision of the East St. Louis upheaval of 1917, Charles L. Lumpkins contends that violence was sparked, not by social strain over interracial industrial employment—as interpreted by Elliott M. Rudwick (1964) and Malcolm McLaughlin (2005)—but by white politicians and realtors seeking to suppress black political independence. Hence he embraces Roberta Senechal's thesis for the 1908 Springfield riot (1990) and evaluates the East St. Louis outbreak within the era of industrialization, migration, and war, from 1898 to 1921, when urban blacks sought equality. He defines the rioting as "a pogrom: an assault, condoned by officials, to destroy a community defined by ethnicity, race, or some other identity"; that is, "another example of ethnic cleansing" (xi) as described by James Loewen (2005) and Elliot Jaspin (2007). Indeed, the bloodletting in largely downtown East St. Louis officially claimed thirty-nine black lives (500 rumored), destroyed hundreds of black homes, and chased over 7,000 blacks from the city; in comparison, nine whites lay dead (forty rumored), clearly indicating a one-sided assault. In expanding on the sources of Rudwick and McLaughlin, Lumpkin instead emphasizes black political activity and community-building that—given the voting potential of oncoming black migrants—threatened white powerbrokers, who promoted racial fear and violence. In its aftermath, black leaders continued their political activism, albeit appearing more accommodating of white society. They understood the lesson of racial compliance, yet never accepted it completely or unconditionally. Thereafter, black efforts paid off, assisted by the Great Depression and World War II. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement that ended segregation and discrimination, however, the black majority in East St. Louis found itself, like counterparts elsewhere, in control of a municipality weakened by the exodus of whites, economic de-industrialization, and self-serving political bosses of both races. Tragically, this postwar urban crisis upturned fifty years of struggle for racial equality by black residents. Like other recent studies of racial violence, Lumpkins stresses black political initiative as the reason for white violence and interprets it as a pogrom "or ethnic cleansing" (8). Pogrom is viable, though fuller comparison is needed to support the contention that the East St. Louis Race Riot is the "American equivalent" (77) of pogroms against 19th Century Russia Jews and 20th Century Armenians. However, applying the term ethnic cleansing—which historically connotes widespread extermination—is more problematic, in part because East St. Louis whites avoided invading "predominantly or all-black districts" (125)—where most blacks lived—for fear of being harmed themselves. This suggests more a white desire to keep blacks in their place rather than annihilate them; and why, after the riot, black politicians appeared to tow the color line. This terminology question notwithstanding, American Pogrom falls within William M. Tuttle, Jr.'s 2004 Mid-America Conference on History call for the reconsideration of all U.S. riots of this era within the context of black insurgency and comparative racism. Lumpkins's book is an important addition for understanding the historical significance of the East St. Louis violence and the evolution of rioting historiography. [End Page 166] Dominic J. Capeci Jr. Missouri State University Copyright © 2011 Mid-America American Studies Association

Australia is the only continent besides Antarctica where the European settlement occurred only within the industrial era. Industrial archaeology is potentially an ideal discipline from which to understand the settlement of Australia, given that industrial production was a present and defining factor of all historical activities undertaken after 1788. This chapter considers how archaeological perspectives have provided an understanding of land settlement, with a focus on recent studies. Historical archaeology (of which industrial archaeology is sometimes a subset) has been present in Australia only since the 1970s, while other disciplines such as geography and history have been providing information about colonial land settlement for a longer period of time. This chapter argues that collaboration across disciplines is an effective method that should characterize future work, and suggests future challenges for archaeologies of industry as we consider the implications of the Anthropocene. Additionally, the chapter advocates that previously separate categories of human society and the environment can be effectively framed together at various different spatial levels.

Global climate models (GCMs) have been used widely to study radiative forcing and health risks of aerosols. A recent study using two GCMs found that light rain plays a dominant role in controlling aerosol loading. However, “too much light rain and too little heavy rain” is a longstanding bias in GCMs. It is unclear how much light rain affects aerosol‐cloud‐radiation interactions and health risks from air pollution. Here we show that, with the correction of the rainfall intensity spectrum in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 by introducing a stochastic deep convection scheme, the reduced frequency of light rain (1–20 mm d−1) results in changes of aerosol direct radiative effects (DRE) of up to −0.5 ± 0.03 W/m2 and aerosol cloud radiative effects (CRE) of up to −0.9 ± 0.03 W/m2. The total (CRE + DRE) radiative effects of light rain‐mediated aerosol changes exceed the present‐day anthropogenic forcing of aerosols relative to preindustrial levels from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5&6) models. However, the correction of the rainfall intensity spectrum has little effect on anthropogenic aerosol forcing (defined as the radiative perturbation due to changes in aerosol concentrations between the industrial era and preindustrial levels). Due to increased exposure to fine particulates (PM2.5), the estimated global total premature mortality is much higher than previously estimated, by 300,000 ± 60,000 deaths per year, and is more severe in populous regions such as India and China. The findings in this study highlight the need to understand uncertainties in radiative effects and health risks of aerosols due to simulation biases of precipitation in GCMs.

Abstract. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) absorbs solar radiation, and exacerbates global warming through exerting positive radiative forcing (RF). However, the contribution of BC to ongoing changes in global climate is under debate. Anthropogenic BC emissions, and the resulting distribution of BC concentration, are highly uncertain. In particular, long-range transport and processes affecting BC atmospheric lifetime are poorly understood. Here we discuss whether recent assessments may have overestimated present-day BC radiative forcing in remote regions. We compare vertical profiles of BC concentration from four recent aircraft measurement campaigns to simulations by 13 aerosol models participating in the AeroCom Phase II intercomparison. An atmospheric lifetime of BC of less than 5 days is shown to be essential for reproducing observations in remote ocean regions, in line with other recent studies. Adjusting model results to measurements in remote regions, and at high altitudes, leads to a 25% reduction in AeroCom Phase II median direct BC forcing, from fossil fuel and biofuel burning, over the industrial era. The sensitivity of modelled forcing to BC vertical profile and lifetime highlights an urgent need for further flight campaigns, close to sources and in remote regions, to provide improved quantification of BC effects for use in climate policy.

Nature‐based Solutions to tackle climate change and restore biodiversity

En 1973, sur fond d’opposition à la guerre du Vietnam et contre l’usage de données « inoffensives » par les artistes, Öyvind Fahlström défend une forme spécifique de peinture d’histoire qui prend pour modèles Goya et Picasso et fait correspondre ce genre à une position critique de l’artiste. Dans la série des Column, Fahlström met en relation des faits liés à l’ordre politique mondial, aboutissant à une réflexion sur ce qui sépare le voir de l’agir. La peinture d’histoire ainsi entendue interroge la relation médiatique et médiatisée à l’événement historique. Les réponses plastiques à cette interrogation sur les moyens de la peinture sont un style propre, inspiré de la bande dessinée, et la notion de « variabilité » de la peinture, qui permet au spectateur de prendre part à la construction du sens. L’histoire prend ainsi forme, sous ses mains, comme construction intellectuelle et plastique. La peinture d’histoire n’est pas un tableau, mais un activateur de pensée et d’imaginaire.

Abstract. Around the world, small ice caps and glaciers have been losing mass and retreating since the start of the industrial era. Estimates are that this has contributed approximately 30 % of the observed sea-level rise over the same period. It is important to understand the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic components of this mass loss. One recent study concluded that the best estimate of the magnitude of the anthropogenic mass loss over the industrial era was only 25 % of the total, implying a predominantly natural cause. Here we show that the anthropogenic fraction of the total mass loss of a given glacier depends only on the magnitudes and rates of the natural and anthropogenic components of climate change and on the glacier's response time. We consider climate change over the past millennium using synthetic scenarios, palaeoclimate reconstructions, numerical climate simulations, and instrumental observations. We use these climate histories to drive a glacier model that can represent a wide range of glacier response times, and we evaluate the magnitude of the anthropogenic mass loss relative to the observed mass loss. The slow cooling over the preceding millennium followed by the rapid anthropogenic warming of the industrial era means that, over the full range of response times for small ice caps and glaciers, the central estimate of the magnitude of the anthropogenic mass loss is essentially 100 % of the observed mass loss. The anthropogenic magnitude may exceed 100 % in the event that, without anthropogenic climate forcing, glaciers would otherwise have been gaining mass. Our results bring assessments of the attribution of glacier mass loss into alignment with assessments of others aspects of climate change, such as global-mean temperature. Furthermore, these results reinforce the scientific and public understanding of centennial-scale glacier retreat as an unambiguous consequence of human activity.

Comment on “The phase relation between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature” Humlum et al. [Glob. Planet. Change 100: 51–69.]: Isotopes ignored

Several technological blocks are being developed to provide solutions to the requirements necessary for the implementation of industrial IoT. However, this is feasible with the resources offered by the Cloud, such as processing, applications and services. Despite this, there are negative aspects such as bandwidth, Internet service variability, latency, lack of filtering of junk data transmitted to the cloud and security. From another perspective, these situations emerge as challenges that are being studied to meet the needs of this new industrial era, which means that the important contribution of academia, companies and consortiums, are achieving a change of course, by taking advantage of the potential of the Cloud but now from the vicinity or perimeter of a production plant. To achieve this task, some pillars of IoT technology are being used as a basis, such as the designs of Fog Computing Platforms (FCP), Edge Computing (EC) and considering the need for cooperation between IT and operation technologies (IT and OT), with which it is intended to accelerate the paradigm shift that this situation has generated. The objective of this study is to show a systematic literature review (SLR) of recent studies on hierarchical and flat peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures implemented for manufacturing IIoT, analyzing those successes and weaknesses derived from them such as latency, security, computing methodologies, virtualization architectures, Fog Computing (FC) in Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES), Quality of Service (QoS) and connectivity, with the aim of motivating possible research points when implementing IIoT with these new technologies.

UDC 330.811.1; JEL Classification: B1The social economy (SE) is attracting the growing interest of economists and sociologists, as it has always been and will be a real economy. But there are still various interpretations of its most important aspects. The lack of a unified, accurate, true understanding of SE reduces the effectiveness of economic, social and socio-economic practices. Therefore, the definition of the most important aspects of SE is an urgent problem. Analysis of recent studies and publications has shown that the SE was already known in the learnings of Xenophon, Platon, Aristotel, and later − in the writings of Smith, Riccardo, mercantilists and physiocrats, their modern opponents and followers. Among the unresolved aspects of the aforementioned problem, there are two of the most important, key ones, around which particularly heated discussions are raging: the general aspect, as a justification for the nature of the link between social and economic in general at various stages of the development of the SE; specific aspect, as determining the nature of the interaction of four specific and major socio-economic institutions (state, enterprise, market and person). According to the author’s opinion, it is in such a sequence that it is necessary to solve these two aspects of the problem of interpretation of the most important aspects of the SE. The purpose of the article is to solve the general aspect of the problem as justification, establishing the nature of social and economic connection at different stages of development, becoming of SE. This is actually the development of the SE paradigms. Objectives: to establish the nature of the connection between social and economic in the Pre-industrial era; establishing the nature of the connection between social and economic in the Industrial era; establishing the nature of the connection between social and economic in the Post-industrial era; formulating the SE paradigms of Pre-industrial, Industrial and Post-industrial society; summarizing the results. Methodology of research: review of literary sources, 2C70, VEO, historical-logical, induction-deduction, theory of the Babailov’s method. Findings: introduced and substantiated a new term and concept «Optimality of the social economy» (OSE); the definition of the OSE as a ratio of social and economic, which provides the maximum possible satisfaction of the needs of members of all, any societies; the Basic Law of the SE is formulated: «SE is the interaction of social and economic», and on its basis three SE paradigms are substantiated; the first (past) paradigm (SE) is a global strategy of a predominantly social nature; the second (present) paradigm of SE is a global strategy of a predominantly economic nature; the third (future) paradigm of SE is a global strategy for the optimization of SE. Originality: at the first time SE paradigms were developed. Practical value: The SE paradigms are the most important means of enhancing the effectiveness of the strategic planning practice in any enterprise.

This article critically examines the promise of Internet-based digital technology to open up the world to people with disabilities, and the parallel danger that the social construction of disability in the digital environment will simply come to mirror pre-existing analogue discrimination. This paper explores how technologies and innovations designed to improve access by the disabled actually enhance access for all users. The first part of the paper focuses on ‘Web 2.0’ and digital access for people with disability, particularly those with vision impairment. The online software that drives the iPod and iPhone and exclusively delivers content to these devices is iTunes. While iTunes seems on the surface to provide enormous opportunity for the vision impaired to access a broad selection of audio content, its design actually works to inhibit access to the platform for this group. Apple promotes the use of iTunes in educational settings through the iTunes U channel, and this potentially excludes those who have difficulty with access to the technology. Critically, it is these excluded people who, potentially, could benefit the most from the new technology. We consider the difficulty experienced by users of screen readers and braille tablets in relation to iTunes and highlight the potential problems for universities who seek to utilise iTunes U. In the second part of the paper we reframe disability accessibility as a principle of universal access and design and outline how changes made to assist users with disability can enhance the learning experience of all students using the Lectopia lecture recording and distribution system as an example. The third section of the paper situates these digital developments within the continuum of disability theory deploying Finkelstein’s three stages of disability development. The focus then shifts to the potential of online virtual worlds such as Second Life to act as a place where the promise of technology to mediate for disability might be realised. Goggin and Newell suggest that the Internet will not be fully accessible until disability is considered a cultural identity in the same way that class, gender and sexuality are. This article argues that accessibility must be addressed through the context of design and shared open standards for digital platforms.

Après avoir consacré plusieurs films à des portraits de « monstres » humains (Amin Dada, le moine birman Ashin Wirathu) ou à un avocat hors normes (Jacques Vergès), le cinéaste Barbet Schroeder désirait consacrer un documentaire à un « saint moderne ». Dans Ricardo et la peinture, en 2023, il filme ainsi Ricardo Cavallo, dont il chérit l’amitié depuis quarante ans. Il suit son ami au pied des falaises de Morlaix et dans le petit village de Saint-Jean-Du-Doigt. Le cinéaste tente de comprendre son sujet par la manière singulière dont il le regarde : accompagnant pas à pas l’artiste dans les étapes de son travail, il nous entraîne dans un voyage stimulant à travers l’histoire de la peinture. Mais le film est aussi l’occasion d’une réflexion sur la transmission au fil des conversations entre le peintre, ses jeunes élèves et le cinéaste. Quand il s’invite dans son film, Barbet Schroeder dresse en creux son autoportrait, met le cinéma en abyme, tout en célébrant l’amitié, ce sentiment partagé au service d’un éloge sensible de la Nature et de l’Art. Le bonheur réclamé par le cinéaste à la fin du tournage est tout entier dans les images de son film.

Le récit de Nikolaj Polevoj Le peintre (1833) enrichit un canon romantique déjà bien établi, à son époque, en y introduisant un motif inhabituel : celui de la peinture d’icônes. Le jeune artiste visionnaire Arkadij, explicitement influencé par le modèle de représentation visuelle bien connue de la Madone, tel que décrit par W. G. Wackenroder et popularisé en Russie par Žukovskij, ne peut néanmoins complètement renier son expérience de formation chez un peintre d’icônes. Le désordre visuel qui caractérise les images rassemblées dans l’atelier d’Arkadij reflète son hésitation à choisir un mode de représentation particulier. Cependant, dans son dernier tableau, Le Christ aux enfants, Arkadij parvient à concilier la stéréotypie de l’image religieuse avec une approche visionnaire. Ainsi, la peinture d’icônes, qu’Arkadij perçoit initialement comme incompatible avec les aspirations artistiques de l’époque moderne, se révèle être un élément important dans l’élaboration d’un nouveau modèle artistique. Ce modèle combine la subjectivité romantique à une objectivation presque mécanique de l’image divine, caractéristique de la peinture d’icônes en tant qu’« âge patriarcal de l’art ».