Abstract
Nosemosis is a serious microsporidian disease of adult European honey bees caused by the spore-forming unicellular fungi Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. In this paper we describe the currently known techniques for nosemosis prevention and control including Good Beekeeping Practices (GBPs) and biosecurity measures (BMBs). Topics such as queen renewal, nosema-resistant bees and hygienic and control methods are described. Strong efforts are currently provided to find more a sustainable solution than the use of antibiotics. So far, it seems that the best way to approach nosemosis is given by an “integrated pest management strategy”, which foresees the contemporary application of different, specific GBPs and BMBs.
Highlights
Nosema spp. are microsporidia responsible for nosemosis of honey bees (Apis melliferaL. and Apis cerana F.)
This paper aims to give an overview of the main strategies for the prevention and control of nosemosis in order to prevent the previously described damages
Good Beekeeping Practices (GBPs) are those integrative activities that beekeepers apply for on-apiary production to attain optimal health for humans, honey bees and the environment [36]
Summary
Nosema spp. are microsporidia responsible for nosemosis of honey bees These pathogens are obligate parasites of the epithelial cells of the ventriculus of adult honey bees [1,2] and are spread throughout the world [3,4]. Infection of the bees occurs by the oral ingestion of spore-contaminated honey, pollen or water [5,6,7,8]. The spores are released in large quantities with the faeces of diseased bees and can be infective for more than one year [12]. Three Nosema species have been identified to infect honey bees: N. apis [13], N
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