Abstract
Human Norovirus is currently the main viral cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) in most countries worldwide. Nearly 50 years after the discovery of the “Norwalk virus” by Kapikian and colleagues, the scientific and medical community continue to generate new knowledge on the full biological and disease spectrum of Norovirus infection. Nevertheless, several areas remain incompletely understood due to the serious constraints to effectively replicate and propagate the virus. Here, we present a narrated historic perspective and summarize our current knowledge, including insights and reflections on current points of interest for a broad medical community, including clinical and molecular epidemiology, viral–host–microbiota interactions, antivirals, and vaccine prototypes. We also include a reflection on the present and future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Norovirus infection and disease.
Highlights
For over 50 years the scientific and medical community have been gathering knowledge on the full biological and disease spectrum associated with human caliciviruses, which are currently grouped into two genera: the Norovirus and Sapovirus
Given the progress made in its detection by sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques and the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, NoV has emerged in recent years as a leading causative agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) in most locations and age groups [24,25,26,27]
A systematic review has demonstrated that the detection rate of NoV in AGE episodes decreased from 18% for upper middle-income countries to 15% (13–18%) and 6% (3–10%) for lower middle- and lowincome countries, respectively [31]
Summary
For over 50 years the scientific and medical community have been gathering knowledge on the full biological and disease spectrum associated with human caliciviruses, which are currently grouped into two genera: the Norovirus and Sapovirus. This review will focus upon Norovirus (NoV), which is currently the most commonly detected human pathogen of the family. We will focus upon key historical aspects and state-of-the-art knowledge that may be of interest to a broad medical readership and we will propose what we believe are the main challenges for better control of NoV-associated disease. With regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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