Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are commonly accepted as the cellular receptors for human norovirus. However, some human noroviruses have been found not to bind any HBGA ligand, suggesting potential additional co-factors. Some ligands have been found to bind noroviruses and have the potential to be additional cellular receptors/attachment factors for human norovirus or inhibitors of the HBGA interaction. The studies identifying these mostly characterize different chemical, human, food, or bacterial components and their effect on norovirus binding and infection, although the mechanism of interaction is unknown in many cases. This review seeks to supplement the already well-covered HBGA-norovirus literature by covering non-HBGA human norovirus ligands and inhibitors to provide investigators with a more comprehensive view of norovirus ligands.
Highlights
Human noroviruses are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, estimated to account for over 685 million illnesses globally every year (Kirk et al, 2015)
An unidentified co-receptor/co-factor found in serum is required in addition to CD300lf for efficient binding. Evidence suggested that it was
There is a vast amount of literature on HBGAs and related carbohydrates and their interactions with human noroviruses
Summary
Human noroviruses are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, estimated to account for over 685 million illnesses globally every year (Kirk et al, 2015). Subsequent studies demonstrated the ability of numerous other norovirus strains to bind a variety of different HBGA types, generally in genotypeor strain-specific manners (Tan and Jiang, 2005). Even though strong evidence has existed implicating HBGAs in human norovirus infection, additional evidence has been reported that suggests other co-factors or receptors may exist, at least for specific strains.
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