Normalizing Hip Muscle Strength: Establishing Body-Size-Independent Measurements

Abstract

Bazett-Jones DM, Cobb SC, Joshi MN, Cashin SE, Earl JE. Normalizing hip muscle strength: establishing body-size-independent measurements. Objective To investigate the effectiveness of computing body-size-independent hip strength measures using muscle-specific allometric scaling and ratio standard normalization methods. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting University laboratory. Participants A convenience sample of healthy participants (N=113; 42 men, 71 women). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Anthropometric measurements of the leg and thigh were obtained, and maximal hip strength was tested (medial and lateral rotation, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension). Strength was measured isometrically as force (kg) and then converted to torque (Nm). Results The allometric scaling analysis resulted in exponents for normalizing body mass (BM) in each muscle group assessed. In addition, a 6-muscle average exponent was also computed (bavg) for force (men, .554; women, .335) and torque (men, .792; women, .482). The nonsignificant results of the linear regression analysis revealed that normalizing hip strength to BM bavg (hip strength/BM bavg) effectively removed the influence of BM on force and torque. However, sex should be factored into analyses of allometric scaling because men have higher b-values than women for both force and torque. The linear regression analyses also demonstrated that force normalized to BM ( P=.162–.895) and torque normalized to BM × Height ( P=.146–.889) were body-size-independent measures. Force normalized to BM 0.67 ( P=.001–.191) and body mass index (BMI) ( P=<.001–.066), and torque normalized to BM ( P=.004–.415) and BMI ( P<.001) were significantly related to BM and therefore were not body-size independent. Conclusions Normalizing force and torque to BM bavg is the most effective method of removing body-size dependence and allowing comparisons of persons with differing body sizes.