Abstract
Landsat 4-5, built at the same time and with the same design, carrying the Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) and the Thematic Mapper (TM) simultaneously, jointly provided observation service for about 30 years (1982–2013). Considering the importance of data continuity for time series analyses, investigations on the continuity of the Landsat 4-5 MSS and TM are required. In this paper, characterization differences between the Landsat 4-5 MSS and TM were initially discussed using the synthesized reflectance records generated from a collection of Hyperion hyperspectral profiles which were well calibrated and widely distributed. The difference in near-infrared region mostly contributed to the difference in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) between MSS and TM, while the between-sensor difference in red spectrum was relatively minor. Models for transforming MSS NDVI to TM NDVI were proposed, and validated subsequently through cross-validation tests. Furthermore, effectiveness of the transformation models was investigated using eight synchronous observation pairs of the Landsat 5 MSS and TM. On average, the univariate models through ordinary least squares regression (OLS) regression resulted in a decrease about 10% of the median relative difference (MdRD). Meanwhile, the bivariate models improved the NDVI comparability in most cases, especially when the transformation models through ridge regression were implemented. The univariate model through OLS regression could be the only solution for cases when problems of data quality are encountered (e.g., problem in the MSS near-infrared channel (800–1000 nm)). In conclusion, the findings on NDVI transformation models from MSS to TM are valuable for reference, because of the collection of diverse Hyperion hyperspectral profiles used.
Highlights
The Landsat program has been operated since the launch of its first satellite in 1972, collecting space-based imagery with moderate spatial resolution of the Earth’s surface
The Thematic Mapper (TM) Spectral Response Function (SRF) are mainly recorded at 1 nm intervals, some responses are sampled with intervals at 5 or 10 nm
Overall, compared with the approximately corresponding channels of Multispectral Scanner System (MSS), the TM channels are characterized with spatially higher resolution and relatively narrower spectral range (Table 1) as well as a spectral shift in SRFs (Figure 1)
Summary
The Landsat program has been operated since the launch of its first satellite in 1972, collecting space-based imagery with moderate spatial resolution of the Earth’s surface. The Landsat program is considered a relatively consistent mission, which will be further sustained operationally by the successors (e.g., Landsat 9 and Landsat 10) [2,3,4]. Compared with the predecessor(s), the successor(s) generally may provide improved land surface information through more advanced instrument(s). It may challenge the time series analyses of the Landsat archives for which data continuity is required. Landsat 5 has been recognized as the longest-operating Earth observation satellite, owing to its provision of high-quality, global data of Earth’s land surface for about 29 years (https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/historic-landsat-5-mission-ends/)
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