Abstract
Muscle strength (MS) has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMR) in adolescents, however, the impact attributed to body size in determining muscle strength or whether body size acts as a confounder in this relationship remains controversial. We investigated the association between absolute MS and MS normalized for body size with CMR in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study comprising 351 adolescents (44.4% male; 16.6 ± 1.0 years) from Brazil. MS was assessed by handgrip and normalized for body weight, body mass index (BMI), height, and fat mass. CMR included obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glucose imbalance, and high inflammation marker. When normalized for body weight, BMI, and fat mass, MS was inversely associated with the presence of two or more CMR among females. Absolute MS and MS normalized for height was directly associated with the presence of two or more CMR among males. This study suggests that MS normalized for body weight, BMI, and fat mass can be superior to absolute MS and MS normalized for height in representing lower CMR among females. Absolute MS and MS normalized for height were related to higher CMR among males.
Highlights
IntroductionCézane Reuter and Jorge MotaMuscle strength has been described as an important health marker in adolescents [1,2], in view of the inverse association with cardiometabolic risk factors analyzed individually (e.g., high body mass index—BMI, increased waist circumference, high systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high fasting blood glucose, increased levels of glycated hemoglobin, high levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides, high sensitive-C-reactive protein), or in terms of the simultaneous presence of two or more cardiometabolic risk factors (e.g., metabolic syndrome) [1,2,3]
Cézane Reuter and Jorge MotaMuscle strength has been described as an important health marker in adolescents [1,2], in view of the inverse association with cardiometabolic risk factors analyzed individually, or in terms of the simultaneous presence of two or more cardiometabolic risk factors [1,2,3]
In addition to the impact of body size on the values obtained by the handgrip test, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that muscle strength normalized for body-volume-related indexes may provide more reliable measures of muscle strength compared to those derived from absolute muscle strength values or muscle strength normalized for body-length-related indexes when assessed by handgrip in the association with cardiometabolic indicators [1,2]
Summary
Cézane Reuter and Jorge MotaMuscle strength has been described as an important health marker in adolescents [1,2], in view of the inverse association with cardiometabolic risk factors analyzed individually (e.g., high body mass index—BMI, increased waist circumference, high systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high fasting blood glucose, increased levels of glycated hemoglobin, high levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides, high sensitive-C-reactive protein), or in terms of the simultaneous presence of two or more cardiometabolic risk factors (e.g., metabolic syndrome) [1,2,3]. Even though studies have identified that muscle strength was inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk factors [1,2,3], absence of association or even contrary results (e.g., muscle strength directly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors) have been described [1,2,3]. The conflicting results for the association between muscle strength and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents can be related to the different strategies adopted by studies to consider body size in determining muscle strength (normalization for body size) [1,2,3]. Muscle strength is directly impacted by muscle mass, fat mass, one of the components of muscle mass, can moderate the magnitude of the muscle mass/muscle strength interrelation [8] In this sense, it is hypothesized that, when considering the values of muscle strength according to fat mass, Received: 30 April 2021
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