Normal Elbow Angles in Saudi Population: Radiographic Study

Abstract

Background: In this study, we aimed to measure normal elbow radiographic angles in the Saudi population and compare the normal range of elbow angles between Saudi males and females, as well as those previously measured in other populations. Methods: Anteroposterior and lateral plain radiographs of 304 normal elbows from 153 females and 151 males from the Saudi population, aged > 18 years, were assessed. Radiographs, 174 right elbows, and 130 left elbows were studied retrospectively, between 2018 and 2023 in our institute. Only normal elbow radiographs with acceptable quality were included. The standard radiographic elbow measurements were collected. Data analysis was conducted with Student’s t-test for parametric data and Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney U test for nonparametric data. Two certified orthopedic surgeons performed the measurements independently. Interobserver and intraobserver errors were measured. Results: All the radiographic elbow measurements in Saudis did not show any significant sexual dimorphism or difference between sides. The radiographic angles obtained on the anteroposterior view appeared more reliable than lateral view angles. Unlike carrying angle (CA), measurements of radiographic elbow angles in Saudis were inconsistent with previously published values. Conclusions: The elbow radiographic anatomical parameters of the Saudi population were not consistent with previously published values except for CA. The presence of a significant impact of geographical or racial variation on elbow radiographic anatomy requires additional investigations.