Norfloxacin induces apoptosis and necroptosis in human corneal epithelial cells

Abstract

Norfloxacin (NOR) is applied clinically to treat keratitis. However, NOR has brought severe side-effects for human corneal epithelium (HCEP) due to overdose and potential toxicity. In this study, two in vitro experimental models including monolayer HCEP cells and tissue-engineered human corneal epithelium (TE-HCEP) were used to explore the cytotoxicity and its related mechanisms. The HCEP cells treated with NOR at concentrations from 0.1875 to 3.0 mg/mL displayed abnormal morphology, declined viability, and increased plasma membrane permeability. Moreover, 0.75 mg/mL NOR induced chromatin condensation, S phase arrest, phosphatidylserine externalization, and formation of apoptotic body through activation of caspase-2/−8/−9/−3, downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, upregulation of Bad and Bax, mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption and release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor into cytosol, whereas 1.5 mg/mL and 3.0 mg/mL NOR upregulated the expressions of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) together with inactivation of caspase-2/−8. Furthermore, 0.1875–3.0 mg/mL NOR destroyed the multilayer structure of TE-HCEP model due to a dose-dependent cytotoxicity, which validated the above results. Overall, low-dose (0.1875–0.75 mg/mL) NOR induced apoptosis through mitochondrion-dependent and death receptor-mediated pathways, and high-dose (1.5–3.0 mg/mL) NOR triggered necroptosis via RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL cascade in HCEP cells.