Abstract
In the early modern period the far north of Europe was divided into three political regions. The Union of Kalmar, which combined the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in 1397, broke apart in 1520 after a rebellion in Sweden. As a result of extensive interactions with Germany, Lutheranism spread to all of these territories within a few years after the start of the Reformation. Developments in Germany continued to influence Scandinavian and Baltic Lutheranism throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, but the evolution of religious life and the formation of ecclesiastical institutions were also shaped in distinctive ways by social dynamics and political forces that were peculiar to each of the northern regions. The Swedish-Polish War significantly disrupted religious life throughout the Baltic. The ties to Germany were always strong, but Nordic Lutheranism developed a character all its own. Keywords:Baltic Lutheranism; Denmark; early Reformation; Nordic Lutheranism; Swedish territories; Swedish-Polish war
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