Nontyphoidal Salmonella and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility among Diarrheic Patients Attending Private Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ruhama Kebede,Tadesse Eguale,Haile Alemayehu,Girmay Medhin,Mohamed Salah Abbassi

doi:10.1155/2021/6177741

Abstract

Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the major causes of bacterial foodborne infection. It is mainly manifested by self-limiting gastroenteritis in healthy individuals but can also cause severe complications including blood stream infection and mortality. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella is becoming a global public health concern. This study is aimed at estimating the prevalence of Salmonella, identifying serotypes involved, and investigating antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates among diarrheic patients attending private hospitals in Addis Ababa. We collected a total of 298 stool samples from diarrheic patients attending five private hospitals in Addis Ababa and isolated Salmonella according to standard microbiological techniques; the isolates were serotyped using slide agglutination and microplate agglutination techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolates was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Fourteen stool samples (4.7%) were positive for Salmonella, and Salmonella Kiambu was the most dominant serovar (n = 7, 50%) followed by S. Saintpaul (n = 4, 28.6%) and S. Haifa (n = 2, 14.3%). Three (21.4%) of the isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole and tetracycline each and 2 (14.3%) to ampicillin. Resistance to two antimicrobials was detected only in 2 (14.3%) of the isolates, and none of the isolates were resistant to more than two antimicrobials. In conclusion, the current study showed low prevalence of NTS in diarrheic patients attending private hospitals in Addis Ababa. Although multidrug resistance to several antimicrobials was not detected in the isolates, prudent use of antimicrobials is recommended to guaranty the long-term use of the available antimicrobials.

Highlights

Infection with Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals globally
In addition to illness and death inflicted by NTS serovars, it was estimated to cause 4 million disability adjusted life years (DALYS) accounting for 22.2% of DALYS due to diarrhea causing agents that leads to huge economic loss [4]
The isolation of Salmonella was highest (8.4%) in the diarrheic patients of age range of 31-45 years the difference was not statistically significant compared to other age group (p value = 0.3)

Summary

Introduction

Infection with NTS causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals globally. Infection with NTS causes symptoms that can range from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to severe invasive septicemia and can occasionally be fatal. Most of the infections caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars are characterized by self-limiting acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea [1,2,3]. In addition to illness and death inflicted by NTS serovars, it was estimated to cause 4 million disability adjusted life years (DALYS) accounting for 22.2% of DALYS due to diarrhea causing agents that leads to huge economic loss [4]. NTS infection usually causes foodborne outbreaks [3]. The common sources of infections are various animal products such as poultry, dairy, and pork [5]. Salmonella can be transmitted from person to person, domestic animals like dogs, cats, and rodents, and consumption of contaminated products like sprouts, tomatoes, fruits, peanuts, and spinaches [5,6,7]

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