Abstract
The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has emerged as the world's major energy and trade route. The IOR littorals are concerned about the vulnerabilities in the region due to various non-traditional maritime security threats such as piracy, maritime terrorism, climate change, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, illegal immigration, and smuggling of arms and drugs. This paper analyses various causes and the patterns of the above-mentioned challenges and examines the effects of these threats on the IOR littorals. The paper concludes that multilateral cooperation is essential to combat the non-traditional maritime threats.
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