Abstract
BackgroundNonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent in clinical and non-clinical populations of adolescents. Several studies have supported both the distinction and the strong association between NSSI and suicidal behavior. Although there is a great deal of data on the role of life events in both suicidal behavior and NSSI, few studies have assessed the role of life events in the NSSI–suicidal behavior relationship. Our aims were to explore the relationship between NSSI and suicidal behavior, and the possible moderating role of stressful life events in a clinical and non-clinical adolescent population.MethodA clinical (n = 202) and a nonclinical (n = 161) population of adolescents, aged 13–18 years were assessed. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid, Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory and the Life Events List were used. Group differences related to suicidal behavior, NSSI, and life events were tested with Wilcoxon tests. Two- and three-way interactions were tested with negative binomial regression models including zero-inflation parameter.ResultsThe prevalence of suicidal behavior (W = 7,306, p < .001), NSSI (W = 9,652, p < .001) and life events (W = 10,410 p < .001) were significantly higher in the clinical than in the non-clinical group. Between number of life events and NSSI, a moderate effect size (.38, 95%CI [.28,.46]) was found. The main effect of NSSI (χ2(1) = 109.65, p < .001) and group membership (χ2(1) = 39.13, p < .001) predicted suicidal behavior; the main effect of quantity of life events did not explain suicidal behavior. The interaction between NSSI and number of life events (χ2(1) = 10.49, p < .01) was associated with suicidal behavior. Among interpersonal, non-interpersonal events and adverse childhood circumstances, only interpersonal events were associated with both suicidal behavior (χ2(1) = 6.08, p < .05) and had a moderating effect (χ2(1) = 8.59, p < .01) on the NSSI–suicidal behavior relationship. Patterns of the effects of life events on the NSSI–suicidal behavior relationship did not differ in the two groups.ConclusionOur results confirm the importance of prevention and intervention of NSSI, considering its high prevalence and frequent co-occurrence with suicidal behavior in both clinical and non-clinical adolescent populations. Moreover, to support NSSI and suicide prevention, we would like to highlight the importance of stressful life events, especially those associated with interpersonal conflicts, require special attention.
Highlights
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the direct and deliberate destruction of one’s own bodily tissue, with no observable intention to die as a consequence of the behavior, and for reasons not socially sanctioned [1, 2]
Data were missing for 21 participants, so they were dropped from the database
We found a significant difference related to suicidal behavior W = 7,306, p < .001, NSSI W = 9,652, p < .001, and life events W = 10,410 p < .001 between the non-clinical and clinical groups
Summary
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the direct and deliberate destruction of one’s own bodily tissue, with no observable intention to die as a consequence of the behavior, and for reasons not socially sanctioned [1, 2]. The typical age of onset for NSSI is between 12 and 16 years [3, 4], and the behavior is highly prevalent in adolescence: lifetime prevalence is 15-46% in normal population [5,6,7,8] and as high as 40–80% in clinical populations [9] This alarmingly high prevalence implies NSSI is a major health issue because of the direct damage of the injuries themselves; recognition, but prevention and intervention of NSSI is crucial because NSSI is associated with several internalizing and externalizing disorders [10], and is considered to be a strong predictor of suicidal behavior [11]. Our aims were to explore the relationship between NSSI and suicidal behavior, and the possible moderating role of stressful life events in a clinical and non-clinical adolescent population
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