Abstract
Chronic inflammation may play a role in prostate cancer carcinogenesis. In that context, our objective was to investigate the role of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in prostate cancer risk based on the EPICAP data. EPICAP is a population‐based case–control study carried out in 2012–2013 (département of Hérault, France) that enrolled 819 men aged less than 75 years old newly diagnosed for prostate cancer and 879 controls frequency matched to the cases on age. Face to face interviews gathered information on several potential risk factors including NSAIDs use. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression models. All‐NSAIDs use was inversely associated with prostate cancer: OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61–0.98, especially in men using NSAIDs that preferentially inhibit COX‐2 activity (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.28–0.79). Nonaspirin NSAIDs users had a decreased risk of prostate cancer (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53–0.99), particularly among men with an aggressive prostate cancer (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27–0.89) and in men with a personal history of prostatitis (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07–0.59). Our results are in favor of a decreased risk of prostate cancer in men using NSAIDs, particularly for men using preferential anti‐COX‐2 activity. The protective effect of NSAIDs seems to be more pronounced in aggressive prostate cancer and in men with a personal history of prostatitis, but this needs further investigations to be confirmed.
Highlights
Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in westernized countries with an estimated 1.1 million men diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2012 worldwide [1]
Considering anthropomorphic data, body mass index (BMI) was similar in cases and controls (P = 0.79), while Waist to hip ratio (WHR) was significantly higher in cases than in controls (73% of cases vs. 67% of controls, P = 0.03)
This study showed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) consumption was negatively associated with prostate cancer occurrence, with a 23% reduction in prostate cancer risk, with convincing inverse associations of both aspirin and NA-N SAIDs use
Summary
Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in westernized countries with an estimated 1.1 million men diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2012 worldwide [1]. Accumulating epidemiological, biological, genetic, and NSAIDs and Prostate Cancer experimental evidence suggested that chronic inflammation may be associated either with initiation or progression of several cancers, including prostate cancer [3,4,5,6]. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), used for their analgesic and antipyretic properties, and at higher doses, for their anti-inflammatory effects, have received attention for their potential as chemopreventive drugs against cancer. They may be characterized according to their ability to preferentially inhibit COX-1 as aspirin or COX-2 as coxibs or oxicams [11]
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