Abstract
Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) leads to a high death rate in patients and is a major threat to human health. NSCLC induces an immune suppressive microenvironment and escapes from immune surveillance in vivo. At present, the molecular mechanisms of NSCLC immunopathogenesis and the immune suppressive microenvironment induced by NSCLC have not been fully elucidated. Here, we focus on the effect of NSCLC cells on the development and differentiation of human CD1c+ conventional dendritic cell (DC) subsets mediated by CD205 and CD103. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from NSCLC patients and healthy donors. DCs were induced and cocultured with primary NSCLC cells or tumor cell line H1299. DCs without incubation with tumor cells are control. The protein expression of costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86, HLA-DR, pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-12, and CD205 and CD103 on CD1c+ DCs was detected by flow cytometry. Our data revealed two new subpopulations of human CD1c+ DCs (CD1c+CD205+CD103+ and CD1c+CD205+CD103− DC) in healthy donors and NSCLC patients. NSCLC cells modulate the development of the CD1c+CD205+CD103+ DC and CD1c+CD205+CD103− DC subpopulations in vitro and ex vivo. NSCLC cells also suppress the expression of signal molecules such as CD40, CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR on CD1c+ DCs. In addition, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-12 and IL-23, is downregulated by NSCLC cells; however, the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-27, by CD1c+ DCs is upregulated by NSCLC cells. Our results suggest that NSCLC cells may induce immune tolerogenic DCs, which block DC-mediated anti-tumor immunity in NSCLC patients. Our data may be helpful in revealing new cellular mechanisms related to the induction of tolerogenic CD1c+ DCs by NSCLCs and the development of an immune suppressive microenvironment that causes tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. Our results indicate a potential role for CD1c+ DC subsets mediated by CD205 and CD103 in DC-mediated immunotherapy to target NSCLC in the future.
Highlights
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major type of lung cancer [1,2,3]
Since CD103 and CD205 expression on dendritic cell (DC) play an important role in DC-mediated immune function, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells may affect the biological function of DCs through modulating the expression of CD103 and CD205 on DCs
To investigate whether NSCLC cells regulate the expression of CD103 and CD205 on CD1c+ DCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from NSCLC patients and healthy donors
Summary
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major type of lung cancer [1,2,3]. The survival rate of late-stage NSCLC is very low [4]. NSCLC cells escape from immune surveillance in vivo and induce a tumor immune suppressive microenvironment [6]. The molecular mechanisms involved in the NSCLC-induced tumor immune suppressive microenvironment are still unknown [7]. We focused on the effect of NSCLC cells on dendritic cell (DC)-mediated immune function in this research project. We propose that NSCLC cells may induce specific immune tolerogenic DCs and suppress DCmediated immune responses in vivo. Our results will show that NSCLC cells inhibit the expression of signal molecules such as CD40, CD80, and CD86 on DCs. In addition, NSCLC cells regulate the production of multiple pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and TGF-β, in DCs. NSCLC cells may affect the immune function of DCs mediated by these signal molecules and cytokines in vivo
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