Nonnegative Matrix Factorization: A Review

Abstract

Recent developments in Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) have focused on addressing several challenges and advancing its applicability. New algorithmic variations, such as robust NMF, deep NMF, and graph-regularized NMF, have emerged to improve NMF's performance in various domains. These developments aim to enhance the interpretability, scalability, and robustness of NMF-based solutions. NMF is now widely used in audio source separation, text mining, recommendation systems, and image processing. However, NMF still faces challenges, including sensitivity to initialization, the determination of the appropriate rank, and computational complexity. Overlapping sources in audio and data sparsity in some applications remain challenging issues. Additionally, ensuring the consistency and stability of NMF results in noisy environments is a subject of ongoing research. The quest for more efficient and scalable NMF algorithms continues, especially for handling large datasets. While NMF has made significant strides in recent years, addressing these challenges is crucial for unlocking its full potential in diverse data analysis and source separation tasks.