Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: Opening new avenues in treatment

Abstract

• Non-motor symptoms most often neglected but contributed a major part in the advancement of Parkinson's disease. • Some symptoms may occur at earlier stage while others may develop at later stage of PD. • Various newly identified rating scales, pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological approaches are there to assess non-motor symptoms. • Further efforts and studies related to non-motor symptoms are required that helps to assess and manage the non-motor abnormalities. Traditionally, the term Parkinsonism in Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by its paradigmatic features that comprise of motor abnormalities. Due to lack of awareness about non-motor abnormalities in PD, this category received little attention to date and it seems a long way when non-motor abnormalities would be also categorized in PD. Recently, non-motor abnormalities in PD are considered as the "the dark horse" that may lead to progression of un-revertible symptoms of the disease. Here, in this review, we have provided an overview of various non-motor symptoms, their consequence and assessment and management approaches in practice until now for curing the PD.