Abstract
This chapter summarizes the comprehensive review of the nonlinear ultrasonic phased array (PA) methods for the measurement of closed-crack depth. Various nonlinear ultrasonic PA methods are categorized into four groups: (I) subharmonics, (II) parallel and sequential transmission, (III) all-elements, odd-elements, and even-elements transmission, and (IV) utilization of thermal stress. Each method is described in the order of principles, experimental conditions and imaging results, key features.
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