Abstract
The rational polynomial function is widely accepted as the preferred sensor model for high-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI). However, satellite images and their associated rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) often suffer from nonlinear systematic errors which were caused by attitude oscillation, sensor deformation, and many other imperfect calibration errors, thus affecting the geo-referencing accuracy. Instead of modeling the biases by polynomials in the image space or refining RPCs directly, this study proposes an approach of going back to the physical model and correcting the local distortions in a self-calibration block adjustment. The algorithm of an equivalent geometric sensor model (EGSM) recovery from RPCs is described in detail. As an equivalent form of the physical sensor models, EGSM reflects the complete viewing geometry of push-broom HRSI. The interior and exterior orientation parameters of EGSM can be stably recovered from RPCs without using any metadata. An approach of RPCs refinement by self-calibration block adjustment based on EGSM is introduced. This approach can effectively compensate for the nonlinear systematic errors caused by platforms and sensors similar to the approach of a rigorous sensor model. The performance of EGSM-based block adjustment is compared with the RFM-based bias compensation method. Experiments using ZY-3 images show the EGSM-based approach can effectively eliminate the nonlinear distortions in satellite images caused by sensor deformation and attitude vibrations. Furthermore, experiments using images from various satellites show that the original RFM can be well fitted with the EGSM and the residuals are smaller than 0.1 pixels for all test images.
Highlights
SATELLITE images with the rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) released by vendors generally have certain direct positioning accuracy and can be used in digital surface model matching, orthophoto generation, stereo mapping, and other applications
In the approach proposed by Cao et al.[5], firstly the RPCs are calculated using a three-dimensional virtual control points (VCPs) grid generated by a rigorous physical sensor model, and the cubic splines coefficients are solved to model the residual errors of the VCPs
The recovery of the equivalent geometric sensor model from RPCs is discussed in detail
Summary
SATELLITE images with the rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) released by vendors generally have certain direct positioning accuracy and can be used in digital surface model matching, orthophoto generation, stereo mapping, and other applications. To effectively eliminate the nonlinear systematic errors in satellite images, a block adjustment or imagery orientation based on an appropriate sensor model has to be conducted. RFMs represent the ground-to-imagery relationship of RSMs as rational polynomials that map the coordinates of a 3D ground point to a 2D image point Even though it is an approximation of the RSM, the RFM hides various details associated with the specific satellite platform and sensor, contributing to the proprietary sensor development. The general form of the equivalent geometric sensor model (EGSM) was introduced and the EGSM-based approach of block adjustment with DEM as controls was presented for accurate geo-referencing stereo satellite images[21]. To illustrate the enhancements of EGSM for compensation of nonlinear systematic errors, an approach of EGSM-based self-calibration block adjustment of multi-view satellite images for RPCs optimization is presented and verified.
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