Abstract
Simplified seismic design procedures mostly recommend the adoption of rigid floor diaphragms when forming a building’s lateral force-resisting structural system. While rigid behavior is compatible with many reinforced concrete or composite steel-concrete floor systems, the intrinsic stiffness properties of wood and ductile timber connections of timber floor slabs typically make reaching a such comparable in-plane response difficult. Codes or standards in North America widely cover wood-frame construction, with provisions given for both rigid and flexible floor diaphragms designs. Instead, research is ongoing for emerging cross-laminated-timber (CLT) and hybrid CLT-based technologies, with seismic design codification still currently limited. This paper deals with a steel-CLT-based hybrid structure built by assembling braced steel frames with CLT-steel composite floors. Preliminary investigation on the performance of a 3-story building under seismic loads is presented, with particular attention to the influence of in-plane timber diaphragms flexibility on the force distribution and lateral deformation at each story. The building complies with the Italian Building Code damage limit state and ultimate limit state design requirements by considering a moderate seismic hazard scenario. Nonlinear static analyses are performed adopting a finite-element model calibrated based on experimental data. The CLT-steel composite floor in-plane deformability shows mitigated effects on the load distribution into the bracing systems compared to the ideal rigid behavior. On the other hand, the lateral deformation always rises at least 17% and 21% on average, independently of the story and load distribution along the building’s height.
Highlights
IntroductionThe carbon-neutral structural material par excellence, has been in use for millennia in many countries around the world for building family houses or simple forms of construction, as both have featured limited footprint and height
This paper presents an innovative hybrid mass timber solution for floor diaphragms developed by coupling cross-laminated timber panels with cold-formed custom-shaped steel beams
An overview of the building’s nonlinear static lateral response under seismic loads is given in Figure 7, where 4 different capacity curves are illustrated based on two load patterns, modal distribution (LP-a fine lines), and uniform distribution (LP-b thick line), and considering ideal rigid (Model II continuous lines) or deformable floor diaphragms
Summary
The carbon-neutral structural material par excellence, has been in use for millennia in many countries around the world for building family houses or simple forms of construction, as both have featured limited footprint and height. The use of wood-based products, whether sawn or engineered, results in a perfect ally for climate change mitigation when such materials are sourced through sustainable forest management [1] and processed using renewable energy sources [2]. The adoption of stringent carbon-emission lowering and energy efficiency policies, and the fulfilment of land-use restrictions, are attracting interest in building with wood beyond conventional forms of residential construction. The advancement of wood products, processing technologies, along with progress on methods for design and assembly, including automated fabrication, are enabling new wood structural applications
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