Abstract
Modifiers of membranes cause local defects on the cell surface. Measurement of the rigidity at the sites of local defects can provide further information about the structure of defects and mechanical properties of altered membranes. The purpose of the study: a step-by-step study of the process of a nonlinear deformation of red blood cells membranes under the effect of modifiers of different physico-chemical nature. Materials and methods. The membrane deformation of a viscoelastic composite erythrocyte construction inside a cell was studied by the atomic force spectroscopy. Nonlinear deformations formed under the effect of hemin, Zn2+ ions, and verapamil were studied. Results. The process of elastic deformation of the membrane with the indentation of a probe at the sites of local defects caused by modifiers was demonstrated. The probe was inserted during the same step of the piezo scanner z displacement; the probe indentation occured at the different discrete values of h, which are the functions of the membrane structure. At the sites of domains, under the effect of the hemin, tension areas and plasticity areas appeared. A mathematical model of probe indentation at the site of membrane defects is presented. Conclusion. The molecular mechanisms of various types of nonlinear deformations occurring under the effect of toxins are discussed. The results of the study may be of interest both for fundamental researchers of the blood cell properties and for practical reanimatology and rehabilitology.
Highlights
The ability of red blood cells (RBC) to deform determines the possibility of their passage through capillary network and rheology of a blood [1]
The method of deformations measuring, the object, as well as the procedure of plotting and analyzing of force curves in the atomic force spectroscopy has been described in details in Part 1 of this article
It is important that these modifiers generated specific topological local defects on the erythrocyte membranes, which are characteristic only to this modifier
Summary
The ability of red blood cells (RBC) to deform determines the possibility of their passage through capillary network and rheology of a blood [1]. According to the force curves measured in the superficial layer, the Young's modulus is calculated, which is attributed to the entire volume of the material [14,15,16]. In this context, the measurement of the hardness of the cell membrane can be carried out on membranes fixed on the solid substrate [17]. A study of the ability of the viscoelastic composite membrane to deform inside a cell on an integral erythrocyte construction [18, 19]
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